crystallinity and commercial viability to metal organic frame work (Kang et al.
2011). Moreover, incorporation of aluminum provides, excellent recyclability for
metal organic frame work up to six times. The novel catalyst oxidized variety of
secondary alcohols to ketones in mild reaction conditions with turn over number of
1980 and yield up to 99%. The attractive results are due to its effective charge
separation of metal organic frame works. Since metal attached with linker organic
molecules, one the electron-hole pair is generated and its flowed and separated
through linkers. The advanced application of the MOF is demonstrated by oxidation
of cholestanol to cholestanone successfully. Over all, integration of aluminium is
challenging and the MOFs provided an opportunity to develop commercially viable
photocatalyst.
7.2.2 Metal Oxides and Sulfides as Earth Abundant Materials
Oxygen is a most abundant material on earth 46% and have excellent photochemical stability. Hence it been a favorite choice and numerous number of efforts
made by the researchers. To main the focus of the present work, herein we discussed
the earth abundant metal oxides with photocatalytic application. After titanium,
copper is moderately abundant material when compare to cadmium or gallium.
Copper is narrow band gap semiconductor and p-type and have the potential for
the commercially viable catalyst. Unlike other photocatalytic material, copper is
bio-friendly and can be implemented to any public technology without any regulation. Pathania et al. (Katwal et al. 2015) reported Electrochemically synthesized
copper oxide nanoparticles with photocatalytic activity. The prepare nanoparticle is
in nano-regime and they control the size and shape electrochemically. The particle
size is around 4 nm and nano surface provided excellent surface to volume ratio and
made the materials effective for the photocatalysis. The CuO had degraded the
cationic dyes namely methylene blue, methyl red and congo red and analyzed
through absorption spectra. Within 2 hours, the color of the solution disappears
and dyes were decomposed completely from water.
After oxygen, the favorable choice of the photocatalytic material is sulfur. Since
the titanium sulfide is conductive nature it cannot be effectively used for the
photocatalytic purpose. Hence the copper can be used instead of titanium and has
potential commercial value. Srinivas et al. reported that photocatalytic degradation
of rhodamine B using CuS nanostructures (Srinivas et al. 2015). The method is
known as hexmethyldisilazane assisted synthesis and gave ligand free surfaces
which is ideal for the photocatalytic activity. The method nanoflowers as
nanostructures with the dimensions of 9–35 nm. They have demonstrated that CuS
flowers rhodamine dye in just 12 minutes. The bare clean surface of the
nanoparticles influences the photocatalytic activity and 64% catalyst is degraded in
just 2 minutes. The catalyst performance can be increased up to 4.2 time by
206
J. Nimita Jebaranjitham et al.
2011). Moreover, incorporation of aluminum provides, excellent recyclability for
metal organic frame work up to six times. The novel catalyst oxidized variety of
secondary alcohols to ketones in mild reaction conditions with turn over number of
1980 and yield up to 99%. The attractive results are due to its effective charge
separation of metal organic frame works. Since metal attached with linker organic
molecules, one the electron-hole pair is generated and its flowed and separated
through linkers. The advanced application of the MOF is demonstrated by oxidation
of cholestanol to cholestanone successfully. Over all, integration of aluminium is
challenging and the MOFs provided an opportunity to develop commercially viable
photocatalyst.
7.2.2 Metal Oxides and Sulfides as Earth Abundant Materials
Oxygen is a most abundant material on earth 46% and have excellent photochemical stability. Hence it been a favorite choice and numerous number of efforts
made by the researchers. To main the focus of the present work, herein we discussed
the earth abundant metal oxides with photocatalytic application. After titanium,
copper is moderately abundant material when compare to cadmium or gallium.
Copper is narrow band gap semiconductor and p-type and have the potential for
the commercially viable catalyst. Unlike other photocatalytic material, copper is
bio-friendly and can be implemented to any public technology without any regulation. Pathania et al. (Katwal et al. 2015) reported Electrochemically synthesized
copper oxide nanoparticles with photocatalytic activity. The prepare nanoparticle is
in nano-regime and they control the size and shape electrochemically. The particle
size is around 4 nm and nano surface provided excellent surface to volume ratio and
made the materials effective for the photocatalysis. The CuO had degraded the
cationic dyes namely methylene blue, methyl red and congo red and analyzed
through absorption spectra. Within 2 hours, the color of the solution disappears
and dyes were decomposed completely from water.
After oxygen, the favorable choice of the photocatalytic material is sulfur. Since
the titanium sulfide is conductive nature it cannot be effectively used for the
photocatalytic purpose. Hence the copper can be used instead of titanium and has
potential commercial value. Srinivas et al. reported that photocatalytic degradation
of rhodamine B using CuS nanostructures (Srinivas et al. 2015). The method is
known as hexmethyldisilazane assisted synthesis and gave ligand free surfaces
which is ideal for the photocatalytic activity. The method nanoflowers as
nanostructures with the dimensions of 9–35 nm. They have demonstrated that CuS
flowers rhodamine dye in just 12 minutes. The bare clean surface of the
nanoparticles influences the photocatalytic activity and 64% catalyst is degraded in
just 2 minutes. The catalyst performance can be increased up to 4.2 time by
206
J. Nimita Jebaranjitham et al.