possibility of contamination but also offer various thermostable enzymes and genes
toward metabolic engineering. Remarkably, there is no report available so far in
which a high-yielding biofuel (like ethanol) production route of thermophile has
been introduced to a nonethanol forming/low-ethanol forming microorganism for
high bioethanol production. Such nonavailability of report is due to the short of
knowledge concerning to involved thermophilic enzymes. Moreover, the cost of
thermophilic enzymes is a chief obstacle in manifesting their vast potential for
various applications. It is certain that in coming years, there will be a continuous
and elaborated demand for thermostable biocatalysts. Although the current research
on thermophilic microbes concerning biofuels production is still at very initial stage,
the contemporary biotechnological approaches like genetic and metabolic engineering of hyperthermophiles are quite promising to overcome limitations of thermophile-based biofuel production in the near future.
Acknowledgment AKC gratefully acknowledges the financial support from CAPES.
References
Agusdinata DB, Zhao F, Ileleji K, DeLaurentis D (2011) Life cycle assessment of potential biojet
fuel production in the United States. Environ Sci Technol 45:9133–9143
Albertson GD, McHale RH, Gibbs MD, Bergquist PL (1997) Cloning and sequence of a type I
pullulanase from an extremely thermophilic anaerobic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor
saccharolyticus. Biochim Biophys Acta 1354:35–39
Araujo K, Mahajan D, Kerr R, da Silva M (2017) Global biofuels at the crossroads: an overview of
technical, policy, and investment complexities in the sustainability of biofuel development.
Agriculture 7:32. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture704003
Arora R, Bell EM (2012) Biotechnological applications of extremophiles: Promise and prospects.
In: Bell EM (ed) Life at extremes: environments, organisms and strategies for survival. CAB
International, Dunbeg, pp 498–521
Bakri YP, Jacques P, Thonart A (2003) Xylanase production by Penicillium canescens 10-10C in
solid state fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 108:737–748
Bhat MK, Bhat S (1997) Cellulose-degrading enzymes and their potential applications. Biotechnol
Adv 15:583–620
Bhatia L, Johri S, Ahmad R (2012) An economic and ecological perspective of ethanol production
from renewable agro-waste- a review. AMB Express 2:65. https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-08552-65
Bhatia L, Chandel AK, Singh AK, Singh OV (2018) Biotechnological advances in lignocellulosic
ethanol production. In: Singh OV, Chandel AK (eds) Sustainable biotechnology-enzymatic
resources of renewable energy. Springer, New York
Bielen AAM, Verhaart MRA, Oost J, Kengen SWM (2013) Biohydrogen Production by the
thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus: current status and perspectives.
Life 3:52–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/life3010052
Chandel AK, Chandrasekhar G, Silva MB, Silva SS (2012a) The realm of cellulases in biorefinery
development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 32:187–202
Chandel AK, Giese EC, Silva SS (2012b) Sustainable role of thermophiles in second generation of
ethanol production. In: Singh OV (ed) Sustainable role of thermophiles in second generation of
ethanol production, 1st edn. Elsevier, London, pp 11–19
78
L. Bhatia et al.
toward metabolic engineering. Remarkably, there is no report available so far in
which a high-yielding biofuel (like ethanol) production route of thermophile has
been introduced to a nonethanol forming/low-ethanol forming microorganism for
high bioethanol production. Such nonavailability of report is due to the short of
knowledge concerning to involved thermophilic enzymes. Moreover, the cost of
thermophilic enzymes is a chief obstacle in manifesting their vast potential for
various applications. It is certain that in coming years, there will be a continuous
and elaborated demand for thermostable biocatalysts. Although the current research
on thermophilic microbes concerning biofuels production is still at very initial stage,
the contemporary biotechnological approaches like genetic and metabolic engineering of hyperthermophiles are quite promising to overcome limitations of thermophile-based biofuel production in the near future.
Acknowledgment AKC gratefully acknowledges the financial support from CAPES.
References
Agusdinata DB, Zhao F, Ileleji K, DeLaurentis D (2011) Life cycle assessment of potential biojet
fuel production in the United States. Environ Sci Technol 45:9133–9143
Albertson GD, McHale RH, Gibbs MD, Bergquist PL (1997) Cloning and sequence of a type I
pullulanase from an extremely thermophilic anaerobic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor
saccharolyticus. Biochim Biophys Acta 1354:35–39
Araujo K, Mahajan D, Kerr R, da Silva M (2017) Global biofuels at the crossroads: an overview of
technical, policy, and investment complexities in the sustainability of biofuel development.
Agriculture 7:32. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture704003
Arora R, Bell EM (2012) Biotechnological applications of extremophiles: Promise and prospects.
In: Bell EM (ed) Life at extremes: environments, organisms and strategies for survival. CAB
International, Dunbeg, pp 498–521
Bakri YP, Jacques P, Thonart A (2003) Xylanase production by Penicillium canescens 10-10C in
solid state fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 108:737–748
Bhat MK, Bhat S (1997) Cellulose-degrading enzymes and their potential applications. Biotechnol
Adv 15:583–620
Bhatia L, Johri S, Ahmad R (2012) An economic and ecological perspective of ethanol production
from renewable agro-waste- a review. AMB Express 2:65. https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-08552-65
Bhatia L, Chandel AK, Singh AK, Singh OV (2018) Biotechnological advances in lignocellulosic
ethanol production. In: Singh OV, Chandel AK (eds) Sustainable biotechnology-enzymatic
resources of renewable energy. Springer, New York
Bielen AAM, Verhaart MRA, Oost J, Kengen SWM (2013) Biohydrogen Production by the
thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus: current status and perspectives.
Life 3:52–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/life3010052
Chandel AK, Chandrasekhar G, Silva MB, Silva SS (2012a) The realm of cellulases in biorefinery
development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 32:187–202
Chandel AK, Giese EC, Silva SS (2012b) Sustainable role of thermophiles in second generation of
ethanol production. In: Singh OV (ed) Sustainable role of thermophiles in second generation of
ethanol production, 1st edn. Elsevier, London, pp 11–19
78
L. Bhatia et al.