2. Low chances of contamination as cells can be washed and used again.
3. The conversion efficiency of the substrate to product is high.
4. Product isolation and its recovery are easy.
Example Free resting cells of Mycobacterium sp. NRRL B-3805 used for sidechain cleavage of β-sitosterol in biphasic systems containing bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate (BEHP).
16.7.6 Immobilized Cells
Biotransformations can also be carried out using the immobilized living cells with a
specific set of enzymes. The same cells can be used again and again. The transformation mechanism can be a single or multistage reaction.
Example Commercial production of malic acid and L-alanine. The use of lipases
by immobilization of fungal mycelium on biomass supports particles and the
expression of lipases on the surface of microbial cells is another example.
16.8 Product Recovery in Biotransformation
In commercial times, the biotransformation is employed to yield a specific product,
and in most of the cases, the end product is extracellular. It can be in the soluble state
or in a suspended state. Accordingly, the product is recovered by using common
techniques like extraction using solvents, precipitation with salts, adsorption, and ion
exchange chromatography method. The volatile products can be recovered by direct
distillation from the medium (Hellstén 2013; Fan et al. 2014).
16.9 Advantages of Biotransformation
• This technique is helpful in the production of those compounds which are
otherwise difficult to be produced via chemical methods (Sultana and Saify
2013).
• Biocatalysts are highly substrate specific, stereo specific. They can easily incorporate desired structural changes than chemical reactions (Sultana and Saify
2013).
• Recombinant DNA technology can be easily applied to microbes for production
of desired end product in biotransformation (Vasic-Racki 2006).
• Further, biotransformation with recombinant microbial enzymes has been widely
used, including applications for the production of hormones, antibiotics, and
specialty chemicals (Seeger et al. 2003).
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M. H. Yashavarddhan et al.
3. The conversion efficiency of the substrate to product is high.
4. Product isolation and its recovery are easy.
Example Free resting cells of Mycobacterium sp. NRRL B-3805 used for sidechain cleavage of β-sitosterol in biphasic systems containing bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate (BEHP).
16.7.6 Immobilized Cells
Biotransformations can also be carried out using the immobilized living cells with a
specific set of enzymes. The same cells can be used again and again. The transformation mechanism can be a single or multistage reaction.
Example Commercial production of malic acid and L-alanine. The use of lipases
by immobilization of fungal mycelium on biomass supports particles and the
expression of lipases on the surface of microbial cells is another example.
16.8 Product Recovery in Biotransformation
In commercial times, the biotransformation is employed to yield a specific product,
and in most of the cases, the end product is extracellular. It can be in the soluble state
or in a suspended state. Accordingly, the product is recovered by using common
techniques like extraction using solvents, precipitation with salts, adsorption, and ion
exchange chromatography method. The volatile products can be recovered by direct
distillation from the medium (Hellstén 2013; Fan et al. 2014).
16.9 Advantages of Biotransformation
• This technique is helpful in the production of those compounds which are
otherwise difficult to be produced via chemical methods (Sultana and Saify
2013).
• Biocatalysts are highly substrate specific, stereo specific. They can easily incorporate desired structural changes than chemical reactions (Sultana and Saify
2013).
• Recombinant DNA technology can be easily applied to microbes for production
of desired end product in biotransformation (Vasic-Racki 2006).
• Further, biotransformation with recombinant microbial enzymes has been widely
used, including applications for the production of hormones, antibiotics, and
specialty chemicals (Seeger et al. 2003).
354
M. H. Yashavarddhan et al.