Tran NH, Urase T, Kusakabe O (2010) Biodegradation characteristics of pharmaceutical substances
by whole fungal culture Trametes versicolor and its laccase. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 8
(2):125–140
Tran NH, Urase T, Ngo HH, Hu J, Ong SL (2013) Insight into metabolic and cometabolic activities
of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms in the biodegradation of emerging trace
organic contaminants. Bioresour Technol 146:721–731
Urase T, Kikuta T (2005) Separate estimation of adsorption and degradation of pharmaceutical
substances and estrogens in the activated sludge process. Water Res 39(7):1289–1300
Varjani SJ, Upasani VN (2017) A new look on factors affecting microbial degradation of petroleum
hydrocarbon pollutants. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 120:71–83
Veetil PGP, Nadaraja AV, Bhasi A, Khan S, Bhaskaran K (2012) Degradation of triclosan under
aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 167(6):1603–1612
Vieno NM, Härkki H, Tuhkanen T, Kronberg L (2007) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in river
water and their elimination in a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant. Environ Sci Technol
41(14):5077–5084
Vulliet E, Cren-Olivé C, Grenier-Loustalot MF (2011) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and
hormones in drinking water treated from surface waters. Environ Chem Lett 9(1):103–114
Wang Y, Qu T, Zhao X, Tang X, Xiao H, Tang X (2016) A comparative study of the photosynthetic
capacity in two green tide macroalgae using chlorophyll fluorescence. Springerplus 5:775
Watkinson AJ, Murby EJ, Kolpin DW, Costanzo SD (2009) The occurrence of antibiotics in an
urban watershed: from wastewater to drinking water. Sci Total Environ 407(8):2711–2723
Weigel S, Berger U, Jensen E, Kallenborn R, Thoresen H, Hühnerfuss H (2004) Determination of
selected pharmaceuticals and caffeine in sewage and seawater from Tromsø/Norway with
emphasis on ibuprofen and its metabolites. Chemosphere 56(6):583–592
Wojcieszyńska D, Domaradzka D, Hupert-Kocurek K, Guzik U (2014) Bacterial degradation of
naproxen--undisclosed pollutant in the environment. J Environ Manag 145:157–161
Woźniak-Karczewska M, Čvančarová M, Chrzanowski Ł, Corvini PFX, Cichocka D (2018)
Bacterial isolates degrading ritalinic acid—human metabolite of neuro enhancer methylphenidate. New Biotechnol 43:30–36
Xiong JQ, Kurade MB, Jeon BH (2017a) Biodegradation of levofloxacin by an acclimated
freshwater microalga, Chlorella vulgaris. Chem Eng J 313:1251–1257
Xiong JQ, Kurade MB, Kim JR, Roh HS, Jeon BH (2017b) Ciprofloxacin toxicity and its cometabolic removal by a freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas mexicana. J Hazard Mater
323:212–219
Xu BJ, Gao P, Liu ZH, Xue G, Liu YA, Wu F (2014) Influence of cosubstrates on iopromide
degradation by Pseudomonas sp. I-24. Water Air Soil Pollut 225(2):8
Xue Y, Liu H, Chen S, Dichtl N, Dai X, Li N (2015) Effects of thermal hydrolysis on organic matter
solubilization and anaerobic digestion of high solid sludge. Chem Eng J 264:174–180
Yonetani T, Echigo S, Itoh S (2017) Fate of selected pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in soil
aquifer treatment. J Water Reuse Desal 7(2):142–151
Zaks A, Dodds DR (1997) Application of biocatalysis and biotransformations to the synthesis of
pharmaceuticals. Drug Discov Today 2(12):513–531
Zeng Q, Li Y, Gu G, Zhao J, Zhang C, Luan J (2009) Sorption and biodegradation of 17β-estradiol
by acclimated aerobic activated sludge and isolation of the bacterial strain. Environ Engg Sci 26
(4):783–790
Zhang J, Fu D, Wu J (2012a) Photodegradation of Norfloxacin in aqueous solution containing
algae. J Environ Sci 24(4):743–749
Zhang X, Zhang D, Zhang H, Luo Z, Yan C (2012b) Occurrence, distribution, and seasonal
variation of estrogenic compounds and antibiotic residues in Jiulongjiang River, South China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 19(5):1392–1404
Zhang L, Hu J, Zhu R, Zhou Q, Chen J (2013) Degradation of paracetamol by pure bacterial
cultures and their microbial consortium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:3687–3698
13 Pharmaceuticals: An Emerging Problem of Environment and Its Removal. . .
291
by whole fungal culture Trametes versicolor and its laccase. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 8
(2):125–140
Tran NH, Urase T, Ngo HH, Hu J, Ong SL (2013) Insight into metabolic and cometabolic activities
of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms in the biodegradation of emerging trace
organic contaminants. Bioresour Technol 146:721–731
Urase T, Kikuta T (2005) Separate estimation of adsorption and degradation of pharmaceutical
substances and estrogens in the activated sludge process. Water Res 39(7):1289–1300
Varjani SJ, Upasani VN (2017) A new look on factors affecting microbial degradation of petroleum
hydrocarbon pollutants. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 120:71–83
Veetil PGP, Nadaraja AV, Bhasi A, Khan S, Bhaskaran K (2012) Degradation of triclosan under
aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 167(6):1603–1612
Vieno NM, Härkki H, Tuhkanen T, Kronberg L (2007) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in river
water and their elimination in a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant. Environ Sci Technol
41(14):5077–5084
Vulliet E, Cren-Olivé C, Grenier-Loustalot MF (2011) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and
hormones in drinking water treated from surface waters. Environ Chem Lett 9(1):103–114
Wang Y, Qu T, Zhao X, Tang X, Xiao H, Tang X (2016) A comparative study of the photosynthetic
capacity in two green tide macroalgae using chlorophyll fluorescence. Springerplus 5:775
Watkinson AJ, Murby EJ, Kolpin DW, Costanzo SD (2009) The occurrence of antibiotics in an
urban watershed: from wastewater to drinking water. Sci Total Environ 407(8):2711–2723
Weigel S, Berger U, Jensen E, Kallenborn R, Thoresen H, Hühnerfuss H (2004) Determination of
selected pharmaceuticals and caffeine in sewage and seawater from Tromsø/Norway with
emphasis on ibuprofen and its metabolites. Chemosphere 56(6):583–592
Wojcieszyńska D, Domaradzka D, Hupert-Kocurek K, Guzik U (2014) Bacterial degradation of
naproxen--undisclosed pollutant in the environment. J Environ Manag 145:157–161
Woźniak-Karczewska M, Čvančarová M, Chrzanowski Ł, Corvini PFX, Cichocka D (2018)
Bacterial isolates degrading ritalinic acid—human metabolite of neuro enhancer methylphenidate. New Biotechnol 43:30–36
Xiong JQ, Kurade MB, Jeon BH (2017a) Biodegradation of levofloxacin by an acclimated
freshwater microalga, Chlorella vulgaris. Chem Eng J 313:1251–1257
Xiong JQ, Kurade MB, Kim JR, Roh HS, Jeon BH (2017b) Ciprofloxacin toxicity and its cometabolic removal by a freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas mexicana. J Hazard Mater
323:212–219
Xu BJ, Gao P, Liu ZH, Xue G, Liu YA, Wu F (2014) Influence of cosubstrates on iopromide
degradation by Pseudomonas sp. I-24. Water Air Soil Pollut 225(2):8
Xue Y, Liu H, Chen S, Dichtl N, Dai X, Li N (2015) Effects of thermal hydrolysis on organic matter
solubilization and anaerobic digestion of high solid sludge. Chem Eng J 264:174–180
Yonetani T, Echigo S, Itoh S (2017) Fate of selected pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in soil
aquifer treatment. J Water Reuse Desal 7(2):142–151
Zaks A, Dodds DR (1997) Application of biocatalysis and biotransformations to the synthesis of
pharmaceuticals. Drug Discov Today 2(12):513–531
Zeng Q, Li Y, Gu G, Zhao J, Zhang C, Luan J (2009) Sorption and biodegradation of 17β-estradiol
by acclimated aerobic activated sludge and isolation of the bacterial strain. Environ Engg Sci 26
(4):783–790
Zhang J, Fu D, Wu J (2012a) Photodegradation of Norfloxacin in aqueous solution containing
algae. J Environ Sci 24(4):743–749
Zhang X, Zhang D, Zhang H, Luo Z, Yan C (2012b) Occurrence, distribution, and seasonal
variation of estrogenic compounds and antibiotic residues in Jiulongjiang River, South China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 19(5):1392–1404
Zhang L, Hu J, Zhu R, Zhou Q, Chen J (2013) Degradation of paracetamol by pure bacterial
cultures and their microbial consortium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:3687–3698
13 Pharmaceuticals: An Emerging Problem of Environment and Its Removal. . .
291