existing diesel engines blended with petroleum diesel. Viscosity of biodiesel has
twice the viscosity of petroleum diesel, so its lubrication properties improve engine
life. Biodiesel has low toxicity and it is biodegradable (Aresta et al. 2005). Burning
of biodiesel emits lesser carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate
emissions as compared to regular diesel fuel. Biodiesel is environment friendly
hence it provides a great potential as alternative source of energy. Biodiesel is
biogenic, non-toxic and fully biodegradable and it is already being tested in several
countries in larger scale (e.g. 1080000 t biodiesel was developed in Germany in
2004) (Bockey and Schenck 2005). Biodiesel is manufactured by transesterification
of oil or fat with methanol using either homogenous catalyst (acid and alkali) or
heterogeneous catalyst (Some transition metal oxide) (Demirbas 2009). Fatty acid
composition of the source (oil or fat) plays an important role in biodiesel production.
Saturated fatty acids are more solidify and clog the fuel line during the winter season
than unsaturated fatty acid (Demirbas 2008). The high level of unsaturated fatty
acids are less viscous showing higher pour and cloud point properties which make
biodiesel suitable for cold weather condition. Oleic acids are the appropriate fatty
acids for the production of biodiesel.
11.7 Conclusions
The climate change and increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are the major
concern due to industrialization and increase in population. Many physicochemical
and geological methods are reported for the removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide through microbial and other
microorganisms is alternative and more eco-friendly viable methods. Several bacteria such as chemoautotrophs and chemolithoautotrophs which can fix and store
atmospheric CO 2 . Rubisco and Carbonic anhydrase are the two enzymes which
are found in the carboxysomes (a polyhedral organelle) in bacterium. Within the
carboxysome, the carbonic anhydrase converts HCO 3
À into CO 2 and the Rubisco fix
the captured CO 2 inside the organelle. The microbial enzymes can fix atmospheric
available CO 2 into valuable products like lipids, surfactant, and
polyhydroxyalkanoate components.
Acknowledgments Authors gratefully acknowledge the School of Environmental Sciences,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi,India, Amity School of Earth and Environmental
Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India and University School of Environmental
Management (Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University) for their kind support. One of the author
(Randhir K. Bharti) is thankful to D.S Kothari Post-Doctoral Fellowship (BL/17-18/0164), UGC,
Govt of India.
11 Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide by Microorganism and Production of Value. . .
247
twice the viscosity of petroleum diesel, so its lubrication properties improve engine
life. Biodiesel has low toxicity and it is biodegradable (Aresta et al. 2005). Burning
of biodiesel emits lesser carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate
emissions as compared to regular diesel fuel. Biodiesel is environment friendly
hence it provides a great potential as alternative source of energy. Biodiesel is
biogenic, non-toxic and fully biodegradable and it is already being tested in several
countries in larger scale (e.g. 1080000 t biodiesel was developed in Germany in
2004) (Bockey and Schenck 2005). Biodiesel is manufactured by transesterification
of oil or fat with methanol using either homogenous catalyst (acid and alkali) or
heterogeneous catalyst (Some transition metal oxide) (Demirbas 2009). Fatty acid
composition of the source (oil or fat) plays an important role in biodiesel production.
Saturated fatty acids are more solidify and clog the fuel line during the winter season
than unsaturated fatty acid (Demirbas 2008). The high level of unsaturated fatty
acids are less viscous showing higher pour and cloud point properties which make
biodiesel suitable for cold weather condition. Oleic acids are the appropriate fatty
acids for the production of biodiesel.
11.7 Conclusions
The climate change and increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are the major
concern due to industrialization and increase in population. Many physicochemical
and geological methods are reported for the removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide through microbial and other
microorganisms is alternative and more eco-friendly viable methods. Several bacteria such as chemoautotrophs and chemolithoautotrophs which can fix and store
atmospheric CO 2 . Rubisco and Carbonic anhydrase are the two enzymes which
are found in the carboxysomes (a polyhedral organelle) in bacterium. Within the
carboxysome, the carbonic anhydrase converts HCO 3
À into CO 2 and the Rubisco fix
the captured CO 2 inside the organelle. The microbial enzymes can fix atmospheric
available CO 2 into valuable products like lipids, surfactant, and
polyhydroxyalkanoate components.
Acknowledgments Authors gratefully acknowledge the School of Environmental Sciences,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi,India, Amity School of Earth and Environmental
Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India and University School of Environmental
Management (Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University) for their kind support. One of the author
(Randhir K. Bharti) is thankful to D.S Kothari Post-Doctoral Fellowship (BL/17-18/0164), UGC,
Govt of India.
11 Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide by Microorganism and Production of Value. . .
247