biofuel production after sequestration of CO 2 . Biodiesel is produced from TAG
by transesterification reaction in the presence of methanol and catalyst.
11.1 Introduction
Carbon is found everywhere on Earth. Some carbon from the Earth is deposited
inertly within the lithosphere of the Earth. The rest of the carbon is contained within
the sort of carbon dioxide within the atmosphere (2%), biomass in plants and soils
(5%), fossil fuels during a number of geological reservoirs (8%), and as ion
collection within the ocean (85%) (Schlesinger 1999).
Earth’s temperature has risen by 0.8
C during the nineteenth century (IPCC
2007) and is anticipated to grow by 1.5–5.8
C during the twenty-first century (IPCC
2001). The speed of increase in global temperature has risen to 0.15
C per decade
since 1975. Additionally to the 15–23 cm increase in sea level during the twentieth
century (IPCC 2007) there was a dramatic change within the environment (Greene
and Pershing 2007). Climate change occurs due to emission of greenhouse gas
pollution (GHGs) by man-made activities like the change of land-use, burning of
biomass, draining of wetland, combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation. Draining
of wetlands, soil cultivation deforestation, and fossil fuel combustion. The carbon
dioxide concentration increases from 280 ppmv in 1850 to 380 ppmv in 2005 and
currently rising of 1.7 ppmv per year (0.46 per cent per year) (IPCC 2007). Methane
(CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) concentrations also grew steadily over the same time
(IPCC 2001, 2007). There are three strategies for the lowering of CO 2 discharges to
improve climate change: (1) decreasing the global energy use, (2) developing low or
no-carbon fuel, and (3) sequestration of CO 2 from point sources or atmosphere
through natural and engineering techniques. Manmade emission of CO 2 are
estimated at 270 Æ 30 Pg by combustion of fossil fuel and 136 Æ 30 Pg by landuse change, deforestation, and soil cultivation between 1850 and 1998 (IPCC 2001).
In this time, 7 Pg C year
À1 is discharged by fossil fuel combustion and 1.6 Pg C year
À1
by land-use change, deforestation, and soil cultivation. Of the total manmade
emissions 8.6 Pg C year
À1 , 3.5 Pg C year
À1 were used up by the atmosphere,
2.3 Pg C year
À1 by the ocean and the remainder by an unidentified terrestrial sink
possibly in the Northern Hemisphere (Tans et al. 1990).
11.2 Carbon Sequestration
Carbon sequestration is the process where inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) is
reduced to organic compounds by living organisms. The most common example is
photosynthesis. Autotrophs are those organisms which grow by the fixation CO 2 like
plants. Heterotrophs are those organisms which grow on autotrophs.
Sunlight is essential for existence of life on earth. However, complex
communities can be generated by microbial chemosynthesis. Chemolithoautotrophic
236
R. K. Bharti et al.
by transesterification reaction in the presence of methanol and catalyst.
11.1 Introduction
Carbon is found everywhere on Earth. Some carbon from the Earth is deposited
inertly within the lithosphere of the Earth. The rest of the carbon is contained within
the sort of carbon dioxide within the atmosphere (2%), biomass in plants and soils
(5%), fossil fuels during a number of geological reservoirs (8%), and as ion
collection within the ocean (85%) (Schlesinger 1999).
Earth’s temperature has risen by 0.8
C during the nineteenth century (IPCC
2007) and is anticipated to grow by 1.5–5.8
C during the twenty-first century (IPCC
2001). The speed of increase in global temperature has risen to 0.15
C per decade
since 1975. Additionally to the 15–23 cm increase in sea level during the twentieth
century (IPCC 2007) there was a dramatic change within the environment (Greene
and Pershing 2007). Climate change occurs due to emission of greenhouse gas
pollution (GHGs) by man-made activities like the change of land-use, burning of
biomass, draining of wetland, combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation. Draining
of wetlands, soil cultivation deforestation, and fossil fuel combustion. The carbon
dioxide concentration increases from 280 ppmv in 1850 to 380 ppmv in 2005 and
currently rising of 1.7 ppmv per year (0.46 per cent per year) (IPCC 2007). Methane
(CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) concentrations also grew steadily over the same time
(IPCC 2001, 2007). There are three strategies for the lowering of CO 2 discharges to
improve climate change: (1) decreasing the global energy use, (2) developing low or
no-carbon fuel, and (3) sequestration of CO 2 from point sources or atmosphere
through natural and engineering techniques. Manmade emission of CO 2 are
estimated at 270 Æ 30 Pg by combustion of fossil fuel and 136 Æ 30 Pg by landuse change, deforestation, and soil cultivation between 1850 and 1998 (IPCC 2001).
In this time, 7 Pg C year
À1 is discharged by fossil fuel combustion and 1.6 Pg C year
À1
by land-use change, deforestation, and soil cultivation. Of the total manmade
emissions 8.6 Pg C year
À1 , 3.5 Pg C year
À1 were used up by the atmosphere,
2.3 Pg C year
À1 by the ocean and the remainder by an unidentified terrestrial sink
possibly in the Northern Hemisphere (Tans et al. 1990).
11.2 Carbon Sequestration
Carbon sequestration is the process where inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) is
reduced to organic compounds by living organisms. The most common example is
photosynthesis. Autotrophs are those organisms which grow by the fixation CO 2 like
plants. Heterotrophs are those organisms which grow on autotrophs.
Sunlight is essential for existence of life on earth. However, complex
communities can be generated by microbial chemosynthesis. Chemolithoautotrophic
236
R. K. Bharti et al.