14
McMahon, P. B., Kulongoski, J. T., Wright, M. T., Land, M. T., Landon, M. K., Cozzarelli, I. M.,
Vengosh, A., & Aiken, G. R. (2016). Preliminary results from exploratory sampling of wells for
the California oil, gas, and groundwater program, 2014-15. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File
Report 2016-1100, 8 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161100.
McMahon, P. B., Barlow, J. R. B., Engle, M. A., Belitz, K., Ging, P. B., Hunt, A. G., Jurgens, B. C.,
Kharaka, Y. K., Tollett, R. W., & Kresse, T. M. (2017). Methane and benzene in drinking-water
wells overlying the Eagle Ford, Fayetteville, and Haynesville shale hydrocarbon production
areas. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(12), 6727–6734.
McMahon, P. B., Lindsey, B. D., Conlon, M. D., Hunt, A. G., Belitz, K., Jurgens, B. C., & Varela,
B. A. (2019). Hydrocarbons in upland groundwater, Marcellus shale region, northeastern
Pennsylvania and southern New York, USA. Environmental Science & Technology, Online
Publication Date: 27 June 2019. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01440
Meng, Q. (2017, February). The impacts of fracking on the environment: A total environmental
study paradigm. Science of The Total Environment, 580, 953–957.
Moore, C. W., Zielinska, B., Pétron, G., & Jackson, R. B. (2014). Air impacts of increased natural
gas acquisition, processing, and use: A critical review. Environmental Science and Technology,
48, 8349–8359. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4053472.
Mumford, A. C., Maloney, K. O., Akob, D. M., Nettemann, S., Proctor, A., Ditty, J., Ulsamer,
L., Lookenbill, J., & Cozzarelli, I. M. (2020). Shale gas development has limited effects on
stream biology and geochemistry in a gradient-based, multiparameter study in Pennsylvania.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(7), 3670–3677. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.1911458117.
Omara, M., Zimmerman, N., Sullivan, M. R., Li, X., Ellis, A., & Cesa, R. (2018). Methane emissions from 23 natural gas production sites in the United States: Data synthesis and national
estimate. Environmental Science & Technology, 52, 12915–12925.
Orem, W. H., Tatu, C. A., Varonka, M. S., Lerch, H. E., Bates, A. L., Engle, M. A., Crosby, L. M., &
McIntosh, J. (2014). Organic substances in produced and formation water from unconventional
natural gas extraction in coal and shale. International Journal of Coal Geology, 126, 20–31.
Orem, W., Varonka, M., Crosby, L., Haase, K., Loftin, K., Hladik, M., Akob, D. M., Tatu, C.,
Mumford, A., Jaeschke, J., Bates, A., Schell, T., & Cozzarelli, I. (2017, May). Organic geochemistry and toxicology of a stream impacted by unconventional oil and gas wastewater disposal operations. Applied Geochemistry, 80, 155–167.
Osborn, S. G., Vengosh, A., Warner, N. R., & Jackson, R. B. (2011). Methane contamination of
drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 108(20), 8172–8176.
Pekney, N., Reeder, M., & Mundia-Howe, M. (2018). Air quality measurements at the Marcellus
shale energy and environment laboratory site. EM The Magazine for Environmental Managers,
August 2018, Air & Waste Management Association, 5 p.
Pétron, G., Karion, A., Sweeney, C., Miller, B. R., Montzka, S. A., Frost, G. J., Trainer, M., Tans,
P., Andrews, A., Kofler, J., Helmig, D., Guenther, D., Dlugokencky, E., Lang, P., Newberger,
T., Wolter, S., Hall, B., Novelli, P., Brewer, A., Conley, S., Hardesty, M., Banta, R., White, A.,
Noone, D., Wolfe, D., & Schnell, R. (2014). A new look at methane and non-methane hydrocarbon emissions from oil and natural gas operations in the Colorado Denver-Julesburg Basin.
Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 119, 6836–6852.
Phan, T. T., Capo, R. C., Stewart, B. W., Graney, J. R., Johnson, J. D., Sharma, S., & Toro, J. (2015).
Trace metal distribution and mobility in drill cuttings and produced waters from Marcellus
shale gas extraction: Uranium, arsenic, barium. Applied Geochemistry, 60, 89–103.
Reagan, M. T., Moridis, G. J., Keen, N. D., & Johnson, J. N. (2015). Numerical simulation of
the environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing of tight/shale gas reservoirs on near-surface
groundwater: Background, base cases, shallow reservoirs, short-term gas, and water transport.
Water Resources Research, 51, 2543–2573. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016086.
Renock, D., Landis, J. D., & Sharma, M. (2016). Reductive weathering of black shale and release
of barium during hydraulic fracturing. Applied Geochemistry, 65, 73–86.
1 Introduction
McMahon, P. B., Kulongoski, J. T., Wright, M. T., Land, M. T., Landon, M. K., Cozzarelli, I. M.,
Vengosh, A., & Aiken, G. R. (2016). Preliminary results from exploratory sampling of wells for
the California oil, gas, and groundwater program, 2014-15. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File
Report 2016-1100, 8 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161100.
McMahon, P. B., Barlow, J. R. B., Engle, M. A., Belitz, K., Ging, P. B., Hunt, A. G., Jurgens, B. C.,
Kharaka, Y. K., Tollett, R. W., & Kresse, T. M. (2017). Methane and benzene in drinking-water
wells overlying the Eagle Ford, Fayetteville, and Haynesville shale hydrocarbon production
areas. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(12), 6727–6734.
McMahon, P. B., Lindsey, B. D., Conlon, M. D., Hunt, A. G., Belitz, K., Jurgens, B. C., & Varela,
B. A. (2019). Hydrocarbons in upland groundwater, Marcellus shale region, northeastern
Pennsylvania and southern New York, USA. Environmental Science & Technology, Online
Publication Date: 27 June 2019. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01440
Meng, Q. (2017, February). The impacts of fracking on the environment: A total environmental
study paradigm. Science of The Total Environment, 580, 953–957.
Moore, C. W., Zielinska, B., Pétron, G., & Jackson, R. B. (2014). Air impacts of increased natural
gas acquisition, processing, and use: A critical review. Environmental Science and Technology,
48, 8349–8359. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4053472.
Mumford, A. C., Maloney, K. O., Akob, D. M., Nettemann, S., Proctor, A., Ditty, J., Ulsamer,
L., Lookenbill, J., & Cozzarelli, I. M. (2020). Shale gas development has limited effects on
stream biology and geochemistry in a gradient-based, multiparameter study in Pennsylvania.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(7), 3670–3677. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.1911458117.
Omara, M., Zimmerman, N., Sullivan, M. R., Li, X., Ellis, A., & Cesa, R. (2018). Methane emissions from 23 natural gas production sites in the United States: Data synthesis and national
estimate. Environmental Science & Technology, 52, 12915–12925.
Orem, W. H., Tatu, C. A., Varonka, M. S., Lerch, H. E., Bates, A. L., Engle, M. A., Crosby, L. M., &
McIntosh, J. (2014). Organic substances in produced and formation water from unconventional
natural gas extraction in coal and shale. International Journal of Coal Geology, 126, 20–31.
Orem, W., Varonka, M., Crosby, L., Haase, K., Loftin, K., Hladik, M., Akob, D. M., Tatu, C.,
Mumford, A., Jaeschke, J., Bates, A., Schell, T., & Cozzarelli, I. (2017, May). Organic geochemistry and toxicology of a stream impacted by unconventional oil and gas wastewater disposal operations. Applied Geochemistry, 80, 155–167.
Osborn, S. G., Vengosh, A., Warner, N. R., & Jackson, R. B. (2011). Methane contamination of
drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 108(20), 8172–8176.
Pekney, N., Reeder, M., & Mundia-Howe, M. (2018). Air quality measurements at the Marcellus
shale energy and environment laboratory site. EM The Magazine for Environmental Managers,
August 2018, Air & Waste Management Association, 5 p.
Pétron, G., Karion, A., Sweeney, C., Miller, B. R., Montzka, S. A., Frost, G. J., Trainer, M., Tans,
P., Andrews, A., Kofler, J., Helmig, D., Guenther, D., Dlugokencky, E., Lang, P., Newberger,
T., Wolter, S., Hall, B., Novelli, P., Brewer, A., Conley, S., Hardesty, M., Banta, R., White, A.,
Noone, D., Wolfe, D., & Schnell, R. (2014). A new look at methane and non-methane hydrocarbon emissions from oil and natural gas operations in the Colorado Denver-Julesburg Basin.
Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 119, 6836–6852.
Phan, T. T., Capo, R. C., Stewart, B. W., Graney, J. R., Johnson, J. D., Sharma, S., & Toro, J. (2015).
Trace metal distribution and mobility in drill cuttings and produced waters from Marcellus
shale gas extraction: Uranium, arsenic, barium. Applied Geochemistry, 60, 89–103.
Reagan, M. T., Moridis, G. J., Keen, N. D., & Johnson, J. N. (2015). Numerical simulation of
the environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing of tight/shale gas reservoirs on near-surface
groundwater: Background, base cases, shallow reservoirs, short-term gas, and water transport.
Water Resources Research, 51, 2543–2573. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016086.
Renock, D., Landis, J. D., & Sharma, M. (2016). Reductive weathering of black shale and release
of barium during hydraulic fracturing. Applied Geochemistry, 65, 73–86.
1 Introduction