278
U.S. Energy Information Administration
(USEIA), 3
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA), 31, 94, 138, 141
U.S. oil and gas development
American oil industry, 37
American oil producers, 44
Carbon Oil, 40
commanding prices, 40
commercial oil, 44
Drake well, 44
Dr. Gesner, crude oil refining, 40
energy demand and supply, 58, 59
financial problems, 45
five-barrel crude oil distillery, 41
Ibn Sina, 37
international nature, 59
Kier Refinery, 41
Maybell Laboratories, 48
Mid-Continent region, 49
Miss Mabel Williams, 47
oil driller, 49
oil economics, 48
Pennsylvania farmers, 38
Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company, 42
petroleum (see Petroleum)
production, 46, 48
Robert Chesebrough, 47
Samuel Kier, 39, 40
Second World War, 59
Seneca tribe, 38
Trenton Field, 49
U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA), 31
U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 17
V
Vacuum Oil, 55
Vaseline, 47
Vaseline-based mascara, 47
Vertical O&G wells, 122
Vertical tophole, 25
Veterans Administration (VA), 67
VOC-bearing, 84
VOC exposures, 139
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 10
air contaminants, 86
compounds, 84
concentrations, 88
drilling and completion fluids, 84
emissions, 87, 88
and methane, 87
O&G development, 84
regional, 85
shale gas and tight oil, 82
shale resource development, 85
storage-related emissions, 84
venting and flaring, 82
Volcanic ash, 233
W
Wall Street, 175
Warmer climate grasses, 172
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), 232
Wastewater injection, 133
Water availability, 93, 112
Water cut, 32
Waterflood, 132
Water quality
assessment, 94
chemical contamination, 94
contamination risk, 93, 94
flowback, 94
fracking, 93
fracking impacts, 94
gas migration, 93
headwater streams, 125
hosting shale contaminants, 94
indicators, 94
investigations, 94
leachate, 94
shale gas contaminants, 94
stray gas, 93 (see Stray gas)
strontium isotope ratios, 94
Water supply
aquifers, 101
availability issues, 112
consumptive use, 112
contamination, 109, 110
conventional reservoir, 112
fracking, 93
geographical information, 108
hydraulic fracturing, 111
O&G industry impact, 111
O&G wells, 112
pre-drilling baseline survey, 100
produced water management, 112
residual wastewater injection, 114
risks, 106
stray gas, 103
surface stream, 113
Water-soluble contaminants, 104
Watford City gas plant, 129
Wattenberg gas field, 88
Index
U.S. Energy Information Administration
(USEIA), 3
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA), 31, 94, 138, 141
U.S. oil and gas development
American oil industry, 37
American oil producers, 44
Carbon Oil, 40
commanding prices, 40
commercial oil, 44
Drake well, 44
Dr. Gesner, crude oil refining, 40
energy demand and supply, 58, 59
financial problems, 45
five-barrel crude oil distillery, 41
Ibn Sina, 37
international nature, 59
Kier Refinery, 41
Maybell Laboratories, 48
Mid-Continent region, 49
Miss Mabel Williams, 47
oil driller, 49
oil economics, 48
Pennsylvania farmers, 38
Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company, 42
petroleum (see Petroleum)
production, 46, 48
Robert Chesebrough, 47
Samuel Kier, 39, 40
Second World War, 59
Seneca tribe, 38
Trenton Field, 49
U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA), 31
U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 17
V
Vacuum Oil, 55
Vaseline, 47
Vaseline-based mascara, 47
Vertical O&G wells, 122
Vertical tophole, 25
Veterans Administration (VA), 67
VOC-bearing, 84
VOC exposures, 139
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 10
air contaminants, 86
compounds, 84
concentrations, 88
drilling and completion fluids, 84
emissions, 87, 88
and methane, 87
O&G development, 84
regional, 85
shale gas and tight oil, 82
shale resource development, 85
storage-related emissions, 84
venting and flaring, 82
Volcanic ash, 233
W
Wall Street, 175
Warmer climate grasses, 172
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), 232
Wastewater injection, 133
Water availability, 93, 112
Water cut, 32
Waterflood, 132
Water quality
assessment, 94
chemical contamination, 94
contamination risk, 93, 94
flowback, 94
fracking, 93
fracking impacts, 94
gas migration, 93
headwater streams, 125
hosting shale contaminants, 94
indicators, 94
investigations, 94
leachate, 94
shale gas contaminants, 94
stray gas, 93 (see Stray gas)
strontium isotope ratios, 94
Water supply
aquifers, 101
availability issues, 112
consumptive use, 112
contamination, 109, 110
conventional reservoir, 112
fracking, 93
geographical information, 108
hydraulic fracturing, 111
O&G industry impact, 111
O&G wells, 112
pre-drilling baseline survey, 100
produced water management, 112
residual wastewater injection, 114
risks, 106
stray gas, 103
surface stream, 113
Water-soluble contaminants, 104
Watford City gas plant, 129
Wattenberg gas field, 88
Index