xxi
Fig. 6.2 Photograph of a dark substance identified as drilling mud oozing
out of the ground below a drill pad in Harrison County,
West Virginia, in 2010. (Photo by adjacent landowner
Doug Mazer, used with permission) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Fig. 7.1 A triple drill rig towers over both trees and visitors at a Marcellus
Shale site in Pennsylvania. (Photographed in 2011
by Dan Soeder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Fig. 7.2 Closely-spaced Barnett Shale drill pads (arrows) visible
southwest of DFW Airport. (Photographed in 2019
by Dan Soeder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Fig. 7.3 Bakken Shale production wells in Dunn Co., North Dakota
with gas flare at right. (Photographed in 2017 by Dan Soeder) . . . . . 128
Fig. 7.4 A small segment of the sprawling ONEOK Garden Creek
Plant for processing Bakken gas near Watford City, ND.
(Photographed in 2017 by Dan Soeder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Fig. 7.5 Satellite night image of the United States taken in 2017
that shows gas flares from Bakken Shale production wells create
a bright spot as large as a major city. (Image source: NASA) . . . . . . 130
Fig. 7.6 Earthquakes above Magnitude 3 recorded in the central U.S.
between 1973 and 2016, showing a dramatic increase in frequency
when oilfield wastewater injection ramped up in Oklahoma
after 2009. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey webpages) . . . . . . . . . . 132
Fig. 8.1 A dead cow that drank biocide leaking from an adjacent
Haynesville Shale fracking operation in 2009. (Source:
ProPublica webpages; original image Shreveport Times,
public domain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Fig. 9.1 The angular unconformity at Siccar Point that inspired
James Hutton to calculate the age of the Earth. (Photographed
in 2019 by Dr. Brennan Jordan, University of South Dakota;
used with permission) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Fig. 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere measured since
1957 at Mauna Loa in Hawaii. (Source National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Fig. 9.3 Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere over the past
400,000 years. (Source: NASA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Fig. 9.4 Primary energy sources used to generate utility-scale electricity
in the United States (Source: Energy Information Administration) . . 178
Fig. 9.5 Solar power towers surrounded by mirrors at Ivanpah Dry Lake,
California. (Photo: U.S. Department of Energy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Fig. 9.6 Global carbon dioxide emissions by nation 1970–2018.
(Source: European Commission and Netherlands Environmental
Assessment Agency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
List of Figures
Fig. 6.2 Photograph of a dark substance identified as drilling mud oozing
out of the ground below a drill pad in Harrison County,
West Virginia, in 2010. (Photo by adjacent landowner
Doug Mazer, used with permission) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Fig. 7.1 A triple drill rig towers over both trees and visitors at a Marcellus
Shale site in Pennsylvania. (Photographed in 2011
by Dan Soeder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Fig. 7.2 Closely-spaced Barnett Shale drill pads (arrows) visible
southwest of DFW Airport. (Photographed in 2019
by Dan Soeder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Fig. 7.3 Bakken Shale production wells in Dunn Co., North Dakota
with gas flare at right. (Photographed in 2017 by Dan Soeder) . . . . . 128
Fig. 7.4 A small segment of the sprawling ONEOK Garden Creek
Plant for processing Bakken gas near Watford City, ND.
(Photographed in 2017 by Dan Soeder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Fig. 7.5 Satellite night image of the United States taken in 2017
that shows gas flares from Bakken Shale production wells create
a bright spot as large as a major city. (Image source: NASA) . . . . . . 130
Fig. 7.6 Earthquakes above Magnitude 3 recorded in the central U.S.
between 1973 and 2016, showing a dramatic increase in frequency
when oilfield wastewater injection ramped up in Oklahoma
after 2009. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey webpages) . . . . . . . . . . 132
Fig. 8.1 A dead cow that drank biocide leaking from an adjacent
Haynesville Shale fracking operation in 2009. (Source:
ProPublica webpages; original image Shreveport Times,
public domain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Fig. 9.1 The angular unconformity at Siccar Point that inspired
James Hutton to calculate the age of the Earth. (Photographed
in 2019 by Dr. Brennan Jordan, University of South Dakota;
used with permission) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Fig. 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere measured since
1957 at Mauna Loa in Hawaii. (Source National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Fig. 9.3 Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere over the past
400,000 years. (Source: NASA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Fig. 9.4 Primary energy sources used to generate utility-scale electricity
in the United States (Source: Energy Information Administration) . . 178
Fig. 9.5 Solar power towers surrounded by mirrors at Ivanpah Dry Lake,
California. (Photo: U.S. Department of Energy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Fig. 9.6 Global carbon dioxide emissions by nation 1970–2018.
(Source: European Commission and Netherlands Environmental
Assessment Agency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
List of Figures