118
Ingraffea, A. R., Wells, M. T., Santora, R. L., & Shonkoff, S. B. (2014). Assessment and risk
analysis of casing and cement impairment in oil and gas wells in Pennsylvania, 2000–2012.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 11, 10955–11096.
Jackson, R. E., Gorody, A. W., Mayer, B., Roy, J. W., Ryan, M. C., & Van Stempvoort, D. R. (2013).
Groundwater protection and unconventional gas extraction: The critical need for field-based
hydrogeological research. Groundwater, 51(4), 488–510.
Kahrilas, G. A., Blotevogel, J., Stewart, P. S., & Borch, T. (2015). Biocides in hydraulic fracturing fluids: A critical review of their usage, mobility, degradation, and toxicity. Environmental
Science & Technology, 49(1), 16–32.
Kang, M., Kanno, C. M., Reid, M. C., Zhang, X., Mauzerall, D. L., Celia, M. A., Chen, Y., &
Onstott, T. C. (2014). Direct measurements of methane emissions from abandoned oil and gas
wells in Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (PNAS), 111(51),
18173–18177. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408315111.
Kang, M., Christian, S., Celia, M. A., Mauzerall, D. L., Bill, M., Miller, A. R., Chen, Y., Conrad,
M. E., Darrah, T. H., & Jackson, R. B. (2016). Identification and characterization of high
methane- emitting abandoned oil and gas wells. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 113(48), 13636–13641. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605913113.
Larson, T. E., Nicot, J.-P., Mickler, P., Castro, M. C., Darvari, R., Wen, T., & Hall, C. M. (2018).
Monitoring stray natural gas in groundwater with dissolved nitrogen: An example from Parker
County, Texas. Water Resources Research, 54(9), 6024–6041.
Lefebvre, R. (2016). Mechanisms leading to potential impacts of shale gas development on
groundwater quality. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 4(1), e1188., 15 p. https://doi.
org/10.1002/wat2.1188.
Li, Z., You, C., Gonzales, M., Wendt, A. K., Wu, F., & Brantley, S. L. (2016, December). Searching
for anomalous methane in shallow groundwater near shale gas wells. Journal of Contaminant
Hydrology, 195, 23–30.
Lipus, D., Vikram, A., Ross, D., Bain, D., Gulliver, D., Hammack, R., & Bibby, K. (2017).
Predominance and metabolic potential of Halanaerobium spp. in produced water from
hydraulically fractured Marcellus shale wells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 83,
e02659-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02659-16.
Llewellyn, G. T., Dorman, F., Westland, J. L., Yoxtheimer, D., Grieve, P., Sowers, T., HumstonFulmer, E., & Brantley, S. L. (2015). Evaluating a groundwater supply contamination incident attributed to Marcellus Shale gas development. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 112(20), 6325–6330.
Maloney, K. O., & Yoxtheimer, D. A. (2012). Production and disposal of waste materials from gas
and oil extraction from the Marcellus shale play in Pennsylvania. Environmental Practice, 14,
278–287.
McMahon, P. B., Caldwell, R. R., Galloway, J. M., Valder, J. F., & Hunt, A. G. (2015). Quality and
age of shallow groundwater in the Bakken formation production area, Williston basin, Montana
and North Dakota. Groundwater, 53, 81–94.
McMahon, P. B., Kulongoski, J. T., Wright, M. T., Land, M. T., Landon, M. K., Cozzarelli, I. M.,
Vengosh, A., & Aiken, G. R. (2016). Preliminary results from exploratory sampling of wells for
the California oil, gas, and groundwater program, 2014-15. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File
Report 2016-1100, 8 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161100.
McMahon, P. B., Barlow, J. R. B., Engle, M. A., Belitz, K., Ging, P. B., Hunt, A. G., Jurgens, B. C.,
Kharaka, Y. K., Tollett, R. W., & Kresse, T. M. (2017). Methane and benzene in drinking-water
wells overlying the Eagle Ford, Fayetteville, and Haynesville shale hydrocarbon production
areas. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(12), 6727–6734.
McMahon, P. B., Lindsey, B. D., Conlon, M. D., Hunt, A. G., Belitz, K., Jurgens, B. C., & Varela,
B. A. (2019). Hydrocarbons in upland groundwater, Marcellus shale region, northeastern
Pennsylvania and southern New York, USA. Environmental Science & Technology, Online
Publication Date: 27 June 2019. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01440
6 Fracking and Water
Ingraffea, A. R., Wells, M. T., Santora, R. L., & Shonkoff, S. B. (2014). Assessment and risk
analysis of casing and cement impairment in oil and gas wells in Pennsylvania, 2000–2012.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 11, 10955–11096.
Jackson, R. E., Gorody, A. W., Mayer, B., Roy, J. W., Ryan, M. C., & Van Stempvoort, D. R. (2013).
Groundwater protection and unconventional gas extraction: The critical need for field-based
hydrogeological research. Groundwater, 51(4), 488–510.
Kahrilas, G. A., Blotevogel, J., Stewart, P. S., & Borch, T. (2015). Biocides in hydraulic fracturing fluids: A critical review of their usage, mobility, degradation, and toxicity. Environmental
Science & Technology, 49(1), 16–32.
Kang, M., Kanno, C. M., Reid, M. C., Zhang, X., Mauzerall, D. L., Celia, M. A., Chen, Y., &
Onstott, T. C. (2014). Direct measurements of methane emissions from abandoned oil and gas
wells in Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (PNAS), 111(51),
18173–18177. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408315111.
Kang, M., Christian, S., Celia, M. A., Mauzerall, D. L., Bill, M., Miller, A. R., Chen, Y., Conrad,
M. E., Darrah, T. H., & Jackson, R. B. (2016). Identification and characterization of high
methane- emitting abandoned oil and gas wells. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 113(48), 13636–13641. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605913113.
Larson, T. E., Nicot, J.-P., Mickler, P., Castro, M. C., Darvari, R., Wen, T., & Hall, C. M. (2018).
Monitoring stray natural gas in groundwater with dissolved nitrogen: An example from Parker
County, Texas. Water Resources Research, 54(9), 6024–6041.
Lefebvre, R. (2016). Mechanisms leading to potential impacts of shale gas development on
groundwater quality. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 4(1), e1188., 15 p. https://doi.
org/10.1002/wat2.1188.
Li, Z., You, C., Gonzales, M., Wendt, A. K., Wu, F., & Brantley, S. L. (2016, December). Searching
for anomalous methane in shallow groundwater near shale gas wells. Journal of Contaminant
Hydrology, 195, 23–30.
Lipus, D., Vikram, A., Ross, D., Bain, D., Gulliver, D., Hammack, R., & Bibby, K. (2017).
Predominance and metabolic potential of Halanaerobium spp. in produced water from
hydraulically fractured Marcellus shale wells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 83,
e02659-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02659-16.
Llewellyn, G. T., Dorman, F., Westland, J. L., Yoxtheimer, D., Grieve, P., Sowers, T., HumstonFulmer, E., & Brantley, S. L. (2015). Evaluating a groundwater supply contamination incident attributed to Marcellus Shale gas development. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 112(20), 6325–6330.
Maloney, K. O., & Yoxtheimer, D. A. (2012). Production and disposal of waste materials from gas
and oil extraction from the Marcellus shale play in Pennsylvania. Environmental Practice, 14,
278–287.
McMahon, P. B., Caldwell, R. R., Galloway, J. M., Valder, J. F., & Hunt, A. G. (2015). Quality and
age of shallow groundwater in the Bakken formation production area, Williston basin, Montana
and North Dakota. Groundwater, 53, 81–94.
McMahon, P. B., Kulongoski, J. T., Wright, M. T., Land, M. T., Landon, M. K., Cozzarelli, I. M.,
Vengosh, A., & Aiken, G. R. (2016). Preliminary results from exploratory sampling of wells for
the California oil, gas, and groundwater program, 2014-15. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File
Report 2016-1100, 8 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161100.
McMahon, P. B., Barlow, J. R. B., Engle, M. A., Belitz, K., Ging, P. B., Hunt, A. G., Jurgens, B. C.,
Kharaka, Y. K., Tollett, R. W., & Kresse, T. M. (2017). Methane and benzene in drinking-water
wells overlying the Eagle Ford, Fayetteville, and Haynesville shale hydrocarbon production
areas. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(12), 6727–6734.
McMahon, P. B., Lindsey, B. D., Conlon, M. D., Hunt, A. G., Belitz, K., Jurgens, B. C., & Varela,
B. A. (2019). Hydrocarbons in upland groundwater, Marcellus shale region, northeastern
Pennsylvania and southern New York, USA. Environmental Science & Technology, Online
Publication Date: 27 June 2019. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01440
6 Fracking and Water