90
M. D. Setiawati et al.
sprawls and substantially higher human exposure to heat (Basu and Samet 2002), the
UHI should be incorporated into generating HVI (Rooney et al. 1998). Subsequently,
the emission from anthropogenic sources as the contributor to the heat generation
was previously not included into spatial risk assessment (Reid et al. 2009; Wolf and
McGregor 2013).
Thus, this study aims to develop a tailor-made heat vulnerability index for
Indonesia, and demonstrate its applicability through assessment in a selected city. The
HVI refinement for the context of Indonesia is done through inclusions of the UTCI,
which in previous studies often get overlooked, i.e., the UHI with its anthropogenic
heat emission source and land-use changes in urban environment, and sensitivity
adjustment (e.g., health, age, and income). The inter-linkages across elements will
be evaluated through PCA to understand the degree of importance of each element.
A spatial visualization of the HVI will be conducted to identify highly vulnerable
areas. It will allow to design and undertake adaptation strategies, which are crucial to
prevent or reduce undesirable impacts such as death, illness, loss of work productivity.
6.4 Methods
6.4.1 Study Area
To showcase the heat vulnerability in Indonesia and the HVI method applicability,
Medan City as one of the pilot area of National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API), a rapidly growing urban area with significant exposure to healthrelated risks, has been selected. Medan City is the third-largest city in Indonesia, and
the largest outside of Java, located on Sumatra Island, and the capital of North Sumatra
Province (Fig. 6.1). The reasons for selecting the city by Indonesian Government and
researcher team as pilot project was to consider as a model for replication to other
growing cities in the country, to take various climate change adaptation measures.
In the past three decades, Medan City urban population had increased by 718 thousand people and in the next three decades, the population is expected to increase by
additional 1.4 million people (Statistical Agency 2015a, b). The increasing population is also responsible for settlement area increase, whereas in the past 14 years
had doubled its area and consequently green open space was reduced for nearly
two-third (Lubis et al. 2014). In addition, annual average temperature in Medan City
showed increasing trend in the past 30 years and with increasing extreme temperature
events frequency (Meteorological agency of Indonesia 2016). Medan City experienced increasing number of days with extreme temperature, defined as above 34 °C,
in years 1980–2014 (Handayani 2010) as can be seen in Fig. 6.2. These changing
environmental conditions are presumed to cause higher vulnerability to the heat risk
in the future to Medan City, whereas the current state of governmental preparedness
to such heat has been demonstrated as inadequate yet (Russo et al. 2014). Thus,
M. D. Setiawati et al.
sprawls and substantially higher human exposure to heat (Basu and Samet 2002), the
UHI should be incorporated into generating HVI (Rooney et al. 1998). Subsequently,
the emission from anthropogenic sources as the contributor to the heat generation
was previously not included into spatial risk assessment (Reid et al. 2009; Wolf and
McGregor 2013).
Thus, this study aims to develop a tailor-made heat vulnerability index for
Indonesia, and demonstrate its applicability through assessment in a selected city. The
HVI refinement for the context of Indonesia is done through inclusions of the UTCI,
which in previous studies often get overlooked, i.e., the UHI with its anthropogenic
heat emission source and land-use changes in urban environment, and sensitivity
adjustment (e.g., health, age, and income). The inter-linkages across elements will
be evaluated through PCA to understand the degree of importance of each element.
A spatial visualization of the HVI will be conducted to identify highly vulnerable
areas. It will allow to design and undertake adaptation strategies, which are crucial to
prevent or reduce undesirable impacts such as death, illness, loss of work productivity.
6.4 Methods
6.4.1 Study Area
To showcase the heat vulnerability in Indonesia and the HVI method applicability,
Medan City as one of the pilot area of National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API), a rapidly growing urban area with significant exposure to healthrelated risks, has been selected. Medan City is the third-largest city in Indonesia, and
the largest outside of Java, located on Sumatra Island, and the capital of North Sumatra
Province (Fig. 6.1). The reasons for selecting the city by Indonesian Government and
researcher team as pilot project was to consider as a model for replication to other
growing cities in the country, to take various climate change adaptation measures.
In the past three decades, Medan City urban population had increased by 718 thousand people and in the next three decades, the population is expected to increase by
additional 1.4 million people (Statistical Agency 2015a, b). The increasing population is also responsible for settlement area increase, whereas in the past 14 years
had doubled its area and consequently green open space was reduced for nearly
two-third (Lubis et al. 2014). In addition, annual average temperature in Medan City
showed increasing trend in the past 30 years and with increasing extreme temperature
events frequency (Meteorological agency of Indonesia 2016). Medan City experienced increasing number of days with extreme temperature, defined as above 34 °C,
in years 1980–2014 (Handayani 2010) as can be seen in Fig. 6.2. These changing
environmental conditions are presumed to cause higher vulnerability to the heat risk
in the future to Medan City, whereas the current state of governmental preparedness
to such heat has been demonstrated as inadequate yet (Russo et al. 2014). Thus,