324
S. Mannakkara
BBB has been a popular concept developed for post-disaster recovery and predisaster planning to embed resilience into communities. BBB has evolved from
focusing on developing the resilience of the built environment, to looking at developing the resilience of all sectors and aspects of a community in order to create
absolute resilience. The BBB Framework developed by Mannakkara and Wilkinson
offers a three-pronged approach for looking at pre-disaster planning, post-disaster
recovery and climate adaptation to reduce risks and create resilience in communities.
The research case study documented in this chapter looked at the climate adaptation and resilience capacity of coastal businesses in Rarotonga using the BBB
Framework. Rarotonga being an island in the Pacific is very exposed to the impacts
of climate change, including destructive tropical cyclones and sea-level rise. The BBB
Framework enabled an analysis of the CCA and resilience capabilities of the coastal
businesses in this study, looking at their built environment, land-use, education and
awareness of people, social and economic factors, and implementation processes.
The businesses showed very positive indications of resilience from an individual and
community-level perspective. The study showed that improvements were needed
particularly in implementation and input from government-level organisations to
assist these businesses.
The study illustrated the applications of the BBB Framework to examine climate
change adaptation and identify gaps. BBB explicitly covers DRR, and is already a
priority for action in the Sendai Framework, and can be used to look at both extreme
disaster events as well as slow-creep events. The remaining community recovery
and effective implementation components are useful for looking at resilience and
adaptation capabilities. Therefore, it is recommended that the BBB concept and
framework are used as an effective guide for climate change adaptation practices.
References
Australian Aid, Australian Government, CSIRO, Cook Islands Metereological Service (2011)
Pacific climate change science program: current and future climate of the cook islands. Pacific
climate change science program partners
Australian Bureau of Meteorology, CSIRO (2011) Climate change in the Pacific: scientific
assessment and new research (volume 1: regional overview)
Baradan B (2006) Analysis of the post-disaster reconstruction process following the Turkish
Earthquakes, 1999. In: GROUP IR (ed) International conference on post-disaster reconstruction
meeting stakeholder interests. University de Montreal, Florence
Chang SE, Rose AZ (2012) Towards a theory of economic recovery from disasters. Int J Mass
Emergencies Disasters 32(2):171–181
Clinton WJ (2006) Lessons learned from tsunami recovery: key propositions for building back
better. Office of the UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, New York
Colten CE, Kates RW, Laska SB (2008) Three years after Katrina: lessons for community resilience.
Environment 50(5):36–47
de León JCV, Bogardi J, Dannenmann S, Basher R (2006) Early warning systems in the context of
disaster risk management. Entwicklung and Ländlicher Raum 223–225
De Scally FA (2008) Historical tropical cyclone activity and impacts in the cook islands1. Pac Sci
62(4):443–460
S. Mannakkara
BBB has been a popular concept developed for post-disaster recovery and predisaster planning to embed resilience into communities. BBB has evolved from
focusing on developing the resilience of the built environment, to looking at developing the resilience of all sectors and aspects of a community in order to create
absolute resilience. The BBB Framework developed by Mannakkara and Wilkinson
offers a three-pronged approach for looking at pre-disaster planning, post-disaster
recovery and climate adaptation to reduce risks and create resilience in communities.
The research case study documented in this chapter looked at the climate adaptation and resilience capacity of coastal businesses in Rarotonga using the BBB
Framework. Rarotonga being an island in the Pacific is very exposed to the impacts
of climate change, including destructive tropical cyclones and sea-level rise. The BBB
Framework enabled an analysis of the CCA and resilience capabilities of the coastal
businesses in this study, looking at their built environment, land-use, education and
awareness of people, social and economic factors, and implementation processes.
The businesses showed very positive indications of resilience from an individual and
community-level perspective. The study showed that improvements were needed
particularly in implementation and input from government-level organisations to
assist these businesses.
The study illustrated the applications of the BBB Framework to examine climate
change adaptation and identify gaps. BBB explicitly covers DRR, and is already a
priority for action in the Sendai Framework, and can be used to look at both extreme
disaster events as well as slow-creep events. The remaining community recovery
and effective implementation components are useful for looking at resilience and
adaptation capabilities. Therefore, it is recommended that the BBB concept and
framework are used as an effective guide for climate change adaptation practices.
References
Australian Aid, Australian Government, CSIRO, Cook Islands Metereological Service (2011)
Pacific climate change science program: current and future climate of the cook islands. Pacific
climate change science program partners
Australian Bureau of Meteorology, CSIRO (2011) Climate change in the Pacific: scientific
assessment and new research (volume 1: regional overview)
Baradan B (2006) Analysis of the post-disaster reconstruction process following the Turkish
Earthquakes, 1999. In: GROUP IR (ed) International conference on post-disaster reconstruction
meeting stakeholder interests. University de Montreal, Florence
Chang SE, Rose AZ (2012) Towards a theory of economic recovery from disasters. Int J Mass
Emergencies Disasters 32(2):171–181
Clinton WJ (2006) Lessons learned from tsunami recovery: key propositions for building back
better. Office of the UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, New York
Colten CE, Kates RW, Laska SB (2008) Three years after Katrina: lessons for community resilience.
Environment 50(5):36–47
de León JCV, Bogardi J, Dannenmann S, Basher R (2006) Early warning systems in the context of
disaster risk management. Entwicklung and Ländlicher Raum 223–225
De Scally FA (2008) Historical tropical cyclone activity and impacts in the cook islands1. Pac Sci
62(4):443–460