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Z. Andlib et al.
institutions (Carvajal-Escobar et al. 2008). It is commonly observed that women are
holding fewer assets, less access to information thus they have less bargaining power
as compared to men, whereas access to these characteristics is generally identified
essential for adaptation. Moreover, given the gender difference in resources, assets
holding and decision-making authority at the household level, it is more likely to
be expected that men and women have different priorities, needs and preferences
towards climate change adaptation (UNWomen 2015).
Climate change includes long-term and average change in rainfall and temperature
such as the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events such as heatwaves and
rainfall spells. Due to biological differences, men and women experience climate
change effects differently even if they live in the same household or broadly speaking
in the same region (Murillo and Tan 2017). Therefore, these gender-differentiated
factors as well as adaptation decisions made in the specific context determine the
ways in which individual and communities experience and are affected by climate
change events.
However, focusing on the gender perceptions of climate change events from agriculture households is the first and foremost step to understand the potential differential impacts of climate change events in the long run on men and women. Different
studies on catering to the impacts of extreme climatic events on gender-differentiated
asset dynamics indicate that the impacts of climatic shocks are unexpected and also
its impact actually depends on the type of climatic shock and its local context (Rakib
and Matz 2014).
The vulnerability context takes into account three different dimensions; exposure,
sensitivity and adaptive capacity of households and communities to different climatic
shocks. Generally, sensitivity and adaptive capacity is influenced by biophysical
characteristics, besides this user characteristics and institutional context also impact
sensitivity and adaptive capacity of individuals. Moreover, access to information
at the household and community level and access to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) tools also enhance the adaptive capacity of households.
However, different studies indicate that in a household biophysical and institutional
context may be the same for men and women but their impact on women is usually
different. Access to information and communication technologies affects climate
change perceptions and adaptation strategies (Bernier et al. 2015). Together these
factors influence the different adaptive options at the household level available to
household members. There are certain individuals or groups which have limited
coping capacity towards climate change events, most of the available literature on
household level focused on a specific context of vulnerability at social and cultural
domains (Nielsen and Reenberg 2010), risk preferences (Grothmann and Patt 2005),
or the most salient factors influencing adaptation, such as access to extension services,
information, and credit (Bryan et al. 2013; Nhemachena and Hassan 2008). Instead of
focusing on gender-disaggregated impacts of extreme climatic events, these studies
explore household characteristics, i.e. head of the household age, education, their
access to information and their risk preferences. The most important inference of
interest is that adaptation decisions are strongly associated with the sex of the head
of the household, and female headed households are less likely to adapt climate
Z. Andlib et al.
institutions (Carvajal-Escobar et al. 2008). It is commonly observed that women are
holding fewer assets, less access to information thus they have less bargaining power
as compared to men, whereas access to these characteristics is generally identified
essential for adaptation. Moreover, given the gender difference in resources, assets
holding and decision-making authority at the household level, it is more likely to
be expected that men and women have different priorities, needs and preferences
towards climate change adaptation (UNWomen 2015).
Climate change includes long-term and average change in rainfall and temperature
such as the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events such as heatwaves and
rainfall spells. Due to biological differences, men and women experience climate
change effects differently even if they live in the same household or broadly speaking
in the same region (Murillo and Tan 2017). Therefore, these gender-differentiated
factors as well as adaptation decisions made in the specific context determine the
ways in which individual and communities experience and are affected by climate
change events.
However, focusing on the gender perceptions of climate change events from agriculture households is the first and foremost step to understand the potential differential impacts of climate change events in the long run on men and women. Different
studies on catering to the impacts of extreme climatic events on gender-differentiated
asset dynamics indicate that the impacts of climatic shocks are unexpected and also
its impact actually depends on the type of climatic shock and its local context (Rakib
and Matz 2014).
The vulnerability context takes into account three different dimensions; exposure,
sensitivity and adaptive capacity of households and communities to different climatic
shocks. Generally, sensitivity and adaptive capacity is influenced by biophysical
characteristics, besides this user characteristics and institutional context also impact
sensitivity and adaptive capacity of individuals. Moreover, access to information
at the household and community level and access to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) tools also enhance the adaptive capacity of households.
However, different studies indicate that in a household biophysical and institutional
context may be the same for men and women but their impact on women is usually
different. Access to information and communication technologies affects climate
change perceptions and adaptation strategies (Bernier et al. 2015). Together these
factors influence the different adaptive options at the household level available to
household members. There are certain individuals or groups which have limited
coping capacity towards climate change events, most of the available literature on
household level focused on a specific context of vulnerability at social and cultural
domains (Nielsen and Reenberg 2010), risk preferences (Grothmann and Patt 2005),
or the most salient factors influencing adaptation, such as access to extension services,
information, and credit (Bryan et al. 2013; Nhemachena and Hassan 2008). Instead of
focusing on gender-disaggregated impacts of extreme climatic events, these studies
explore household characteristics, i.e. head of the household age, education, their
access to information and their risk preferences. The most important inference of
interest is that adaptation decisions are strongly associated with the sex of the head
of the household, and female headed households are less likely to adapt climate