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A. M. A. Saja et al.
communities can learn and take actions to reduce the impact of emerging disaster
risks (Wilkinson et al. 2016). Due to rapid urbanisation and increase of cities across
the globe, the exposure to disasters and therefore disaster risk has been increasing,
that demands for more effective risk-sensitive development planning. However, the
development stakeholders are encountered with difficulties in effective integration of
disaster risk reduction measures in their development work due to short-term focus
and limited resources available for addressing immediate and ad hoc community
needs (Schipper and Pelling 2006). Further, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction (SFDRR) sets a target (Target F) to sufficiently increase international
cooperation to developing nations to launch effective national policies that enhance
local public financing for risk-sensitive sustainable development (UNDRR 2019).
Risk-sensitive development is a decision-making process based on disaster-related
risk information that enables understanding of multiple concurrent threats and
complex risks to and arising from development investment decisions and implementation based on those information and decisions (Sarah Opitz-Stapleton 2019).
Risk-informed development and risk-sensitive development are often used interchangeably in the literature. Some frameworks and tools were developed to mainstream disaster risk over the past decade. For example, Benson et al. (2007) proposed
14 guidance notes highlighting critical factors to mainstream disaster risk in development programing. Mitchell (2003) proposed an operational framework with four
key thematic areas that include politics and legislation, policy, knowledge, and practice with over 20 indicators and benchmarks. The experiences from Southeast Asian
countries in risk-sensitive development planning have highlighted many challenges
including the systematic integration of disaster risk information into development
programing and design, implementation, and maintenance of individual projects
across all relevant sectors (UNESCAP 2018). However, the research on risk-sensitive
development tools, matrices, and guidance is still at the early stages, since the growing
recognition and need for risk integrated development was realised in the post-2015
global agenda than ever before.
For sustainable development to be realised in line with 2030 United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals, risk sensitivity in the development planning and
initiatives are inevitable that allows for development to become a driving vehicle to
reduce disaster risks, avoid creating further risks and help to build a resilient community (Sarah Opitz-Stapleton 2019). There has been some experience and lessons on
developing and implementing risk-sensitive land use plans and infrastructure in the
past (McAllister 2015; Papazoglou et al. 2000). However, risk-sensitive development at different levels—from community to national, as a holistic approach has
a long way to go in a way that systematically integrates disaster and climate risks
from the development conceptualisation, planning, designing, and implementation.
Further, formulation of risk-sensitive development approach was promoted in the
Community Resilience Framework (CRF) to align with the local priorities of operationalising Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030) (Saja Aslam
et al. 2016).
A. M. A. Saja et al.
communities can learn and take actions to reduce the impact of emerging disaster
risks (Wilkinson et al. 2016). Due to rapid urbanisation and increase of cities across
the globe, the exposure to disasters and therefore disaster risk has been increasing,
that demands for more effective risk-sensitive development planning. However, the
development stakeholders are encountered with difficulties in effective integration of
disaster risk reduction measures in their development work due to short-term focus
and limited resources available for addressing immediate and ad hoc community
needs (Schipper and Pelling 2006). Further, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction (SFDRR) sets a target (Target F) to sufficiently increase international
cooperation to developing nations to launch effective national policies that enhance
local public financing for risk-sensitive sustainable development (UNDRR 2019).
Risk-sensitive development is a decision-making process based on disaster-related
risk information that enables understanding of multiple concurrent threats and
complex risks to and arising from development investment decisions and implementation based on those information and decisions (Sarah Opitz-Stapleton 2019).
Risk-informed development and risk-sensitive development are often used interchangeably in the literature. Some frameworks and tools were developed to mainstream disaster risk over the past decade. For example, Benson et al. (2007) proposed
14 guidance notes highlighting critical factors to mainstream disaster risk in development programing. Mitchell (2003) proposed an operational framework with four
key thematic areas that include politics and legislation, policy, knowledge, and practice with over 20 indicators and benchmarks. The experiences from Southeast Asian
countries in risk-sensitive development planning have highlighted many challenges
including the systematic integration of disaster risk information into development
programing and design, implementation, and maintenance of individual projects
across all relevant sectors (UNESCAP 2018). However, the research on risk-sensitive
development tools, matrices, and guidance is still at the early stages, since the growing
recognition and need for risk integrated development was realised in the post-2015
global agenda than ever before.
For sustainable development to be realised in line with 2030 United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals, risk sensitivity in the development planning and
initiatives are inevitable that allows for development to become a driving vehicle to
reduce disaster risks, avoid creating further risks and help to build a resilient community (Sarah Opitz-Stapleton 2019). There has been some experience and lessons on
developing and implementing risk-sensitive land use plans and infrastructure in the
past (McAllister 2015; Papazoglou et al. 2000). However, risk-sensitive development at different levels—from community to national, as a holistic approach has
a long way to go in a way that systematically integrates disaster and climate risks
from the development conceptualisation, planning, designing, and implementation.
Further, formulation of risk-sensitive development approach was promoted in the
Community Resilience Framework (CRF) to align with the local priorities of operationalising Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030) (Saja Aslam
et al. 2016).