8 Level of Disaster Resilience and Migration …
139
This chapter aims to contribute to the literature of resilience measurement in two
ways. First, the chapter develops a Japanese version of the Resilience Capacity Index
(RCI), which was the most promising sub-national level resilience index according
to the UNDP’s systematic review in 2014. The second is to examine how high and
low community resilience measured by RCI affects inter-municipality migrations
among Japanese nationals and foreign residents in both earthquake-affected and
non-earthquake affected areas.
The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the data used in
the analysis and procedure that were used to calculate the Resilience Capacity Index
at municipality level in Japan. Section 3 presents the empirical strategy to estimate the
association between community resilience and inter-municipality migration among
Japanese and foreign residents. Section 4 presents the results of the empirical analysis.
Finally, Sect. 5 summarizes the discussion and concludes the chapter.
8.2 Method
8.2.1 Data Sources
This chapter uses four different types of variables. The first type of variable is 12
indicators used to calculate the RCI. The second type of variable is the variable of
inter-municipality migration, which comes from the Report on Internal Migration
compiled by the Statistics Bureau of Japan from 2012 to 2016. The third type of
variable is the number of deaths due to earthquakes. This variable is used to classify
the earthquake-affected and non-affected municipalities. The last type of variable is
municipality-level control variables used in the regression analysis.
8.2.2 Resilience Capacity Index in Japan
The original RCI developed by Foster (2007) has been applied to the 361 metropolitan
regions in the United States. In this paper, I calculated the RCI of 1,741 municipalities in Japan. Data collected are from the period 2010–2016: some indicators are
only available from the longer version of the Census every ten years, while other
indicators are available every year. Local election results, Housing and Land Survey
and the Census are also available every five years. As previously noted, the RCI
is a composite measure of 12 different indicators across three different capacity
domains: regional economic capacity, socio-demographic capacity and community
connectivity capacity.
Regional Economic Capacity reflects (1) income equality, (2) diversification of
the economic employment, (3) regional affordability measured by housing costs and
income levels and (4) dynamic business environment. The first indicator is income
139
This chapter aims to contribute to the literature of resilience measurement in two
ways. First, the chapter develops a Japanese version of the Resilience Capacity Index
(RCI), which was the most promising sub-national level resilience index according
to the UNDP’s systematic review in 2014. The second is to examine how high and
low community resilience measured by RCI affects inter-municipality migrations
among Japanese nationals and foreign residents in both earthquake-affected and
non-earthquake affected areas.
The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the data used in
the analysis and procedure that were used to calculate the Resilience Capacity Index
at municipality level in Japan. Section 3 presents the empirical strategy to estimate the
association between community resilience and inter-municipality migration among
Japanese and foreign residents. Section 4 presents the results of the empirical analysis.
Finally, Sect. 5 summarizes the discussion and concludes the chapter.
8.2 Method
8.2.1 Data Sources
This chapter uses four different types of variables. The first type of variable is 12
indicators used to calculate the RCI. The second type of variable is the variable of
inter-municipality migration, which comes from the Report on Internal Migration
compiled by the Statistics Bureau of Japan from 2012 to 2016. The third type of
variable is the number of deaths due to earthquakes. This variable is used to classify
the earthquake-affected and non-affected municipalities. The last type of variable is
municipality-level control variables used in the regression analysis.
8.2.2 Resilience Capacity Index in Japan
The original RCI developed by Foster (2007) has been applied to the 361 metropolitan
regions in the United States. In this paper, I calculated the RCI of 1,741 municipalities in Japan. Data collected are from the period 2010–2016: some indicators are
only available from the longer version of the Census every ten years, while other
indicators are available every year. Local election results, Housing and Land Survey
and the Census are also available every five years. As previously noted, the RCI
is a composite measure of 12 different indicators across three different capacity
domains: regional economic capacity, socio-demographic capacity and community
connectivity capacity.
Regional Economic Capacity reflects (1) income equality, (2) diversification of
the economic employment, (3) regional affordability measured by housing costs and
income levels and (4) dynamic business environment. The first indicator is income