levels could rise by 0.5 m by 2050 (Sweet et al. 2017).
Sea-level rise will erode shorelines, inundate low-lying
coastal areas, and impair the operations of coastal infrastructure. Figure 1.9 shows the sea-level rise risk in coastal
areas in Libya with projections of 1 m (low), 3 m (moderate), and 6 m (high), which will result in losses of land area
equaling 700 km
2 , 3200 km
2 , and 7200 km
2 , respectively.
Cities near the sea are expected to be affected by sea-level
rise of one meter, such as Zuwara, Misurata, Ras Lanuf,
Aqilah, Brega, and Zaytiniyya. Sea-level rise will increase
the proportion of damage in these cities (Zurqani et al.
2019).
Large-scale agricultural activities near the coastal areas,
coupled with an increasing use of irrigation with the overdrawn supplies of fresh groundwater and the increase in the
population, have caused widespread seawater intrusion problems. Many areas in Libya are currently vulnerable to land
degradation and the situation will worsen if climate change
and human activities continue to accelerate land degradation
processes (Saad et al. 2011). For example, salinization in the
Jafara Plain north-west region has reduced wheat yields from 5
tons ha
-1 in the 1980s to just 0.5 tons ha
-1 by 1987 (FAO
2015). Most farms in this region are irrigated by individual
wells using electric pumps, and these farms have been severely
affected by seawater intrusion into the aquifer, particularly
orange farm operations. The increase of hot temperatures and
evaporation processes will lead to an increase in the land areas
affected by salinity in the country. It is necessitated to show
that Libya is affected by climate change in many different
ways, in particular, crop production and food security, pastoral
lands and livestock production, water resources, etc. The frequent increase of sand storms can be explained by the recent
climate change scenario, which includes declining precipitation and increasing temperature, followed by overgrazing and
over-cultivation in marginal lands that cause severe soil
erosion.
Climate change poses serious interlinked challenges in
the country, where climate change and land degradation are
closely related. Thus, the potential of conservation agriculture to minimize the impact of climate change needs thoroughgoing investigation. As a matter of fact, the impact of
climate change on the soil system should be monitored on a
regular basis. These data are needed not only as input for
modeling and scenario analysis but also for monitoring,
Fig. 1.9 The level of risk sea-level rise poses along Libyan coastlines areas
1 Introduction
9
Sea-level rise will erode shorelines, inundate low-lying
coastal areas, and impair the operations of coastal infrastructure. Figure 1.9 shows the sea-level rise risk in coastal
areas in Libya with projections of 1 m (low), 3 m (moderate), and 6 m (high), which will result in losses of land area
equaling 700 km
2 , 3200 km
2 , and 7200 km
2 , respectively.
Cities near the sea are expected to be affected by sea-level
rise of one meter, such as Zuwara, Misurata, Ras Lanuf,
Aqilah, Brega, and Zaytiniyya. Sea-level rise will increase
the proportion of damage in these cities (Zurqani et al.
2019).
Large-scale agricultural activities near the coastal areas,
coupled with an increasing use of irrigation with the overdrawn supplies of fresh groundwater and the increase in the
population, have caused widespread seawater intrusion problems. Many areas in Libya are currently vulnerable to land
degradation and the situation will worsen if climate change
and human activities continue to accelerate land degradation
processes (Saad et al. 2011). For example, salinization in the
Jafara Plain north-west region has reduced wheat yields from 5
tons ha
-1 in the 1980s to just 0.5 tons ha
-1 by 1987 (FAO
2015). Most farms in this region are irrigated by individual
wells using electric pumps, and these farms have been severely
affected by seawater intrusion into the aquifer, particularly
orange farm operations. The increase of hot temperatures and
evaporation processes will lead to an increase in the land areas
affected by salinity in the country. It is necessitated to show
that Libya is affected by climate change in many different
ways, in particular, crop production and food security, pastoral
lands and livestock production, water resources, etc. The frequent increase of sand storms can be explained by the recent
climate change scenario, which includes declining precipitation and increasing temperature, followed by overgrazing and
over-cultivation in marginal lands that cause severe soil
erosion.
Climate change poses serious interlinked challenges in
the country, where climate change and land degradation are
closely related. Thus, the potential of conservation agriculture to minimize the impact of climate change needs thoroughgoing investigation. As a matter of fact, the impact of
climate change on the soil system should be monitored on a
regular basis. These data are needed not only as input for
modeling and scenario analysis but also for monitoring,
Fig. 1.9 The level of risk sea-level rise poses along Libyan coastlines areas
1 Introduction
9