8.5 Conclusion
Desertification and land degradation is a global phenomenon that is threatening the livelihoods of billions of
people around the globe. The causes of land degradation
and desertification are well documented and explained.
Climate conditions and human activities are the main reasons for desertification. However, the causes of land
degradation are too complicated to be simplified. The
impact of desertification has countless negative consequences on natural resources. These consequences are likely
to become much more complicated unless major new efforts
characterized by profound changes in local and international
behavior are made. These efforts have to address the
livelihood needs of dryland populations and the reversal of
the desertification process on war footings through
short-term goals and long-term initiatives with a political
will and commitment.
References
Abahussain AA, Abdu AS, Al-Zubari WK, El-Deen NA,
Abdul-Raheem M (2002) Desertification in the Arab Region:
analysis of current status and trends. J Arid Environ 51:521–545
ACSAD and Libyan experts (2005) The national plan to combat
desertification (in Arabic)
ACSAD (2007) Desertification in the Arab World. In: Background
paper, regional conference on land degradation issues in the Arab
region. ESCWA/LAS/UNEP/ROWA/ACSAD (Arab Centre for the
Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands), Cairo, Egypt 2007 (in
Arabic)
Ben Mahmoud KR (2013) Towards a national strategy for the
sustainability of natural resources and enhancing food security in
Libya, pp 123 (in Arabic)
Ben Mahmoud KR, Lolo A (2010) Desertification and land degradation
issues in the Arab region. Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones
and Dry Lands), Damascus, Syria
Ben Mahmoud KR, Mansur S, AL-Gomati A (2003) Land degradation
and desertification in Libya. In: Alsharhan AS, Wood WW,
Goudie AS, Fowler A, Abdellatif EM (eds) Third millennium.
Swets and Zeitlinger Publishers. Lisse, The Netherland, pp 339–350
Bradbury DE (1981) The physical geography of the Mediterranean
lands. In: DiCastri F, Goodall DW and Specht, (ed) Mediterranean
type shrublands. Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp 51–62
Brown CA (1990) Soil erosion and fire in area of Mediterranean type
vegetation: results from Chapparral in southern California, USA and
Matoral in Andalusia, southern Spain. In: Thrones JB (ed) Vegetation and erosion, process and environments. Wiley, Chichester,
pp 269–287
Castaneda A, Doan D, Newhouse D, Nguyen MC, Uematsu H,
Azevedo JP (2018) A new profile of the global poor. World Dev
Commonwealth Forestry Association (1969) Sand dune stabilization
and afforestation in Libya. Commonw For Rev 48(4) (138):377–381
(December 1969)
El-Tantawi AM (2005) Climate change in Libya and desertification of
Jifara plain: using geographical information system and remote
sensing techniques. Dissertation, The Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, German
Emgaili E (1993) Climate changes and its impact on human and the
environment. 1st issue, the University Magazine
FAO STAT (2019). http://faostat.fao.org/
FAO (2015) Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR)–Main
report. In: Food and agriculture organization of the united nations
and intergovernmental technical panel on soils. Rome, Italy, FAO,
p 650
Geist HJ, Lambin EF (2004) Dynamic causal patterns of desertification.
Bioscience 54(9):817–829
Google earth imagery V 6.2.2.6613. (December 30, 2006, and
December 30, 2016). North-western coastal areas, Libya. 32°50′
18.80″ N, 13°30′31.82″ E, Eye alt 31.09 miles. Copernicus 2018.
http://www.earth.google.com. Accessed 24 July 2020
GTZ (2009) Monitoring and assessing land degradation processes:
selected methods and case studies. Federal Ministry for Economic
Cooperation and Development, Germany
Hulme M, Kelly M (1993) Exploring the links between desertification
and climate change. Environment 35:4,39–11,45
Table 8.2 Legislation in Libya (Source NAP 2002)
No.
Legislation
Laws
Objective
1
Natural resource protection
legislation
Law (27) 1966
Plant protection
Law (46) 1975
Protection of small lands
Law (5) 1982
Protection of Forest and Rangeland
Law (7) 1982
Protection of Environment
Law (790) 1982
Organization of Drilling and Water Resources
Law (1) 1983
Agriculture Technology
Law (15) 1984
Protection of Animals and Trees
Law (15) 1992
Protection of Agriculture Land
2
Regulation of Institutions
Law (109) 1971
Establishment of Agriculture Research Centre
Law (827) 1992
National Research Organization
Law (72) 1982
Establishment of the Arab Center for Desert Research and development of
desert communities.
8 Land Degradation and Desertification
127
Desertification and land degradation is a global phenomenon that is threatening the livelihoods of billions of
people around the globe. The causes of land degradation
and desertification are well documented and explained.
Climate conditions and human activities are the main reasons for desertification. However, the causes of land
degradation are too complicated to be simplified. The
impact of desertification has countless negative consequences on natural resources. These consequences are likely
to become much more complicated unless major new efforts
characterized by profound changes in local and international
behavior are made. These efforts have to address the
livelihood needs of dryland populations and the reversal of
the desertification process on war footings through
short-term goals and long-term initiatives with a political
will and commitment.
References
Abahussain AA, Abdu AS, Al-Zubari WK, El-Deen NA,
Abdul-Raheem M (2002) Desertification in the Arab Region:
analysis of current status and trends. J Arid Environ 51:521–545
ACSAD and Libyan experts (2005) The national plan to combat
desertification (in Arabic)
ACSAD (2007) Desertification in the Arab World. In: Background
paper, regional conference on land degradation issues in the Arab
region. ESCWA/LAS/UNEP/ROWA/ACSAD (Arab Centre for the
Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands), Cairo, Egypt 2007 (in
Arabic)
Ben Mahmoud KR (2013) Towards a national strategy for the
sustainability of natural resources and enhancing food security in
Libya, pp 123 (in Arabic)
Ben Mahmoud KR, Lolo A (2010) Desertification and land degradation
issues in the Arab region. Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones
and Dry Lands), Damascus, Syria
Ben Mahmoud KR, Mansur S, AL-Gomati A (2003) Land degradation
and desertification in Libya. In: Alsharhan AS, Wood WW,
Goudie AS, Fowler A, Abdellatif EM (eds) Third millennium.
Swets and Zeitlinger Publishers. Lisse, The Netherland, pp 339–350
Bradbury DE (1981) The physical geography of the Mediterranean
lands. In: DiCastri F, Goodall DW and Specht, (ed) Mediterranean
type shrublands. Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp 51–62
Brown CA (1990) Soil erosion and fire in area of Mediterranean type
vegetation: results from Chapparral in southern California, USA and
Matoral in Andalusia, southern Spain. In: Thrones JB (ed) Vegetation and erosion, process and environments. Wiley, Chichester,
pp 269–287
Castaneda A, Doan D, Newhouse D, Nguyen MC, Uematsu H,
Azevedo JP (2018) A new profile of the global poor. World Dev
Commonwealth Forestry Association (1969) Sand dune stabilization
and afforestation in Libya. Commonw For Rev 48(4) (138):377–381
(December 1969)
El-Tantawi AM (2005) Climate change in Libya and desertification of
Jifara plain: using geographical information system and remote
sensing techniques. Dissertation, The Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, German
Emgaili E (1993) Climate changes and its impact on human and the
environment. 1st issue, the University Magazine
FAO STAT (2019). http://faostat.fao.org/
FAO (2015) Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR)–Main
report. In: Food and agriculture organization of the united nations
and intergovernmental technical panel on soils. Rome, Italy, FAO,
p 650
Geist HJ, Lambin EF (2004) Dynamic causal patterns of desertification.
Bioscience 54(9):817–829
Google earth imagery V 6.2.2.6613. (December 30, 2006, and
December 30, 2016). North-western coastal areas, Libya. 32°50′
18.80″ N, 13°30′31.82″ E, Eye alt 31.09 miles. Copernicus 2018.
http://www.earth.google.com. Accessed 24 July 2020
GTZ (2009) Monitoring and assessing land degradation processes:
selected methods and case studies. Federal Ministry for Economic
Cooperation and Development, Germany
Hulme M, Kelly M (1993) Exploring the links between desertification
and climate change. Environment 35:4,39–11,45
Table 8.2 Legislation in Libya (Source NAP 2002)
No.
Legislation
Laws
Objective
1
Natural resource protection
legislation
Law (27) 1966
Plant protection
Law (46) 1975
Protection of small lands
Law (5) 1982
Protection of Forest and Rangeland
Law (7) 1982
Protection of Environment
Law (790) 1982
Organization of Drilling and Water Resources
Law (1) 1983
Agriculture Technology
Law (15) 1984
Protection of Animals and Trees
Law (15) 1992
Protection of Agriculture Land
2
Regulation of Institutions
Law (109) 1971
Establishment of Agriculture Research Centre
Law (827) 1992
National Research Organization
Law (72) 1982
Establishment of the Arab Center for Desert Research and development of
desert communities.
8 Land Degradation and Desertification
127