1981). The area of polluted arable land reached 7592 ha (Cd:
7050 ha; Cu: 1405 ha; As: 391 ha). About 92% of the total
polluted area has been remediated by uncontaminated soil
dressing (Ministry of the Environment 2014).
(4) Soil Sealing
Soil sealing—the covering of the soil by construction—has
been rapidly perceived as a threat to global food security. In
Japan, urban sprawl and other changes in land use (including
abandonment of agricultural land) have caused the loss of
about 1 million hectares of cultivated area between 1973 and
2001. Urbanization (sealing) advanced in flat lowland areas
(paddy fields) where Fluvic soils were distributed in this
period. Additionally, declines in the area of Andosols with
expanding urbanization were widely observed over the flat
upland fields of the Kanto region. In contrast, many upland
fields on steep slopes in Western Japan, with Brown Forest
soils, were abandoned (Takata et al. 2011).
References
Asami T (1981) Maximum allowable limits of heavy metals in rice and
soil. In: Kitagawa K, Yamane I (eds) Heavy metal pollution in soils
of Japan. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, pp 257–274
Division 3 of Soils (1977) Classification of cultivated soils. 2nd
Approximation. National Institute for Agricultural Sciences. (in
Japanese)
Food and Agriculture Organization (2001) Major soils of the world.
World reference base for soil resources: Atlas. CD-ROM, Rome, Italy
Forest Soil Division (1976) Classification of forest soils in Japan
(1975). Bull Gov Exp Station 280:1–28 (in Japanese with English
summary)
Fujita T, Okuda T, Fujie K et al (2007) Influence of eolian dust brought
from northern Asia continent on the parent materials in a
fine-textured soil developed on the bedrock of the tertiary rock
near cape Saruyama, in Noto peninsula, central Japan. Pedologist
51:97–103 (In Japanese with English summary)
Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (2015) Status of the
World’s soil resources (Technical Summary). FAO, Rome, Italy
IUSS Working Group WRB (2015) World reference base for soil
resources 2014. Update 2015. World Soil Resources Reports
No. 103. FAO, Rome
Kanda T, Takata Y, Kohyama K, Ohkura T, Maejima Y, Wakabayashi S, Obara H (2018) New soil maps of Japan based on the
comprehensive soil classification system of Japan—first approximation and its application to the world reference base for soil
resources 2006. Jpn Agric Res Quart 52:285–292
Leon A, Kohyama K, Mishima S et al (2012) Factors controlling
organic amendment application rate and long-term change in
application rate in Japanese paddy field using longitudinal questionnaire survey dataset (the Basic Soil Environment Monitoring
Project, Stationary Monitoring, 1979–1998). Soil Sci Plant Nutr
58:104–120
Makino T (2010) Heavy metal pollution of soil and risk alleviation
methods based on soil chemistry. Pedologist 53:38–49
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (2008) Trend and issue of
cultivated soil in Japan. Available at: http://www.maff.go.jp/j/study/
dozyo_kanri/01/pdf/ref_data1.pdf
Mishima S, Endo A, Kohyama K (2009) Recent trend in residual
nitrogen on national and regional scales in Japan and its relation
with groundwater quality. Nut Cycl Agroecosyst 83:1–11
Mishima S, Endo A, Kohyama K (2010) Recent trends in phosphate
balance nationally and by region in Japan. Nutr Cycling Agroecosys
86:69–77
Nishiue A, Nanzyo M, Kanno H et al (2014) Properties and
classification of volcanic ash soils around Lake Kawanuma on the
eastern footslope of Mt. Funagata in Miyagi prefecture, northeastern
Japan. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 60:848–862
Obara H, Ohkura T, Takata Y, Kohyama K, Maejima Y, Hamazaki T
(2011) Comprehensive soil classification system of Japan. First
Approximation. Bull Natl Inst Agro-Environ Sci 29:1–73 (in
Japanese with English summary)
Okuda T, Fujita T, Fujie K et al (2007) Influence of eolian dust brought
from the Precambrian area in northern Asia on the parent materials
in a fine-textured soil developed on the tertiary rock in Mt. Horyu,
Noto peninsula, central Japan. Pedologist 51:104–110 (In Japanese
with English summary)
Saigusa M, Matsuyama N, Abe A (1992) Distribution of Allophanic
Andosols and Nonallophanic Andosols in Japan based on the data
of soil survey reports on reclaimed land. Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr
63:646–651 (In Japanese with English summary)
Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to soil taxonomy, 12th edn.
USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC
Takahashi T, Shoji S, Sato A (1989) Cleyey Spodosols and Andisols
showing a biosequential relation from Simokita Peninsula, northeastern Japan. Soil Sci 148:204–218
Takata Y, Maejima Y, Ohkura T et al (2010) Locating the taxonomical
position of argic and cambic horizons in Japanese Red-Yellow soils.
Pedologist 54:11–20 (in Japanese with English summary)
Takata Y, Obara H, Nakai M et al (2011) Process of the decline in the
cultivated soil area with land use changes in Japan. Jpn J Soil Sci
Plant Nutr 82:15–24 (in Japanese with English summary)
The Fifth Committee for Soil Classification and Nomenclature of
Japanese Society of Pedology (2017) Soil classification system of
Japan. (in Japanese)
68
H. Shinjo and Y. Takata
7050 ha; Cu: 1405 ha; As: 391 ha). About 92% of the total
polluted area has been remediated by uncontaminated soil
dressing (Ministry of the Environment 2014).
(4) Soil Sealing
Soil sealing—the covering of the soil by construction—has
been rapidly perceived as a threat to global food security. In
Japan, urban sprawl and other changes in land use (including
abandonment of agricultural land) have caused the loss of
about 1 million hectares of cultivated area between 1973 and
2001. Urbanization (sealing) advanced in flat lowland areas
(paddy fields) where Fluvic soils were distributed in this
period. Additionally, declines in the area of Andosols with
expanding urbanization were widely observed over the flat
upland fields of the Kanto region. In contrast, many upland
fields on steep slopes in Western Japan, with Brown Forest
soils, were abandoned (Takata et al. 2011).
References
Asami T (1981) Maximum allowable limits of heavy metals in rice and
soil. In: Kitagawa K, Yamane I (eds) Heavy metal pollution in soils
of Japan. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, pp 257–274
Division 3 of Soils (1977) Classification of cultivated soils. 2nd
Approximation. National Institute for Agricultural Sciences. (in
Japanese)
Food and Agriculture Organization (2001) Major soils of the world.
World reference base for soil resources: Atlas. CD-ROM, Rome, Italy
Forest Soil Division (1976) Classification of forest soils in Japan
(1975). Bull Gov Exp Station 280:1–28 (in Japanese with English
summary)
Fujita T, Okuda T, Fujie K et al (2007) Influence of eolian dust brought
from northern Asia continent on the parent materials in a
fine-textured soil developed on the bedrock of the tertiary rock
near cape Saruyama, in Noto peninsula, central Japan. Pedologist
51:97–103 (In Japanese with English summary)
Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (2015) Status of the
World’s soil resources (Technical Summary). FAO, Rome, Italy
IUSS Working Group WRB (2015) World reference base for soil
resources 2014. Update 2015. World Soil Resources Reports
No. 103. FAO, Rome
Kanda T, Takata Y, Kohyama K, Ohkura T, Maejima Y, Wakabayashi S, Obara H (2018) New soil maps of Japan based on the
comprehensive soil classification system of Japan—first approximation and its application to the world reference base for soil
resources 2006. Jpn Agric Res Quart 52:285–292
Leon A, Kohyama K, Mishima S et al (2012) Factors controlling
organic amendment application rate and long-term change in
application rate in Japanese paddy field using longitudinal questionnaire survey dataset (the Basic Soil Environment Monitoring
Project, Stationary Monitoring, 1979–1998). Soil Sci Plant Nutr
58:104–120
Makino T (2010) Heavy metal pollution of soil and risk alleviation
methods based on soil chemistry. Pedologist 53:38–49
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (2008) Trend and issue of
cultivated soil in Japan. Available at: http://www.maff.go.jp/j/study/
dozyo_kanri/01/pdf/ref_data1.pdf
Mishima S, Endo A, Kohyama K (2009) Recent trend in residual
nitrogen on national and regional scales in Japan and its relation
with groundwater quality. Nut Cycl Agroecosyst 83:1–11
Mishima S, Endo A, Kohyama K (2010) Recent trends in phosphate
balance nationally and by region in Japan. Nutr Cycling Agroecosys
86:69–77
Nishiue A, Nanzyo M, Kanno H et al (2014) Properties and
classification of volcanic ash soils around Lake Kawanuma on the
eastern footslope of Mt. Funagata in Miyagi prefecture, northeastern
Japan. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 60:848–862
Obara H, Ohkura T, Takata Y, Kohyama K, Maejima Y, Hamazaki T
(2011) Comprehensive soil classification system of Japan. First
Approximation. Bull Natl Inst Agro-Environ Sci 29:1–73 (in
Japanese with English summary)
Okuda T, Fujita T, Fujie K et al (2007) Influence of eolian dust brought
from the Precambrian area in northern Asia on the parent materials
in a fine-textured soil developed on the tertiary rock in Mt. Horyu,
Noto peninsula, central Japan. Pedologist 51:104–110 (In Japanese
with English summary)
Saigusa M, Matsuyama N, Abe A (1992) Distribution of Allophanic
Andosols and Nonallophanic Andosols in Japan based on the data
of soil survey reports on reclaimed land. Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr
63:646–651 (In Japanese with English summary)
Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to soil taxonomy, 12th edn.
USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC
Takahashi T, Shoji S, Sato A (1989) Cleyey Spodosols and Andisols
showing a biosequential relation from Simokita Peninsula, northeastern Japan. Soil Sci 148:204–218
Takata Y, Maejima Y, Ohkura T et al (2010) Locating the taxonomical
position of argic and cambic horizons in Japanese Red-Yellow soils.
Pedologist 54:11–20 (in Japanese with English summary)
Takata Y, Obara H, Nakai M et al (2011) Process of the decline in the
cultivated soil area with land use changes in Japan. Jpn J Soil Sci
Plant Nutr 82:15–24 (in Japanese with English summary)
The Fifth Committee for Soil Classification and Nomenclature of
Japanese Society of Pedology (2017) Soil classification system of
Japan. (in Japanese)
68
H. Shinjo and Y. Takata