Ono K, Komoriya A, Tachibana R, Imaya A, Suzuki S, Noguchi K,
Haginoe H (2018) Effects of row deep tillage for the growth base
formed by piling up soil in damp lowlands behind coastal sand
dunes to construct coastal disaster prevention forest belts on the
Kujukuri coastline, Japan. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 64:168–180
Qualls RG, Bridgham SD (2005) Mineralization rate of 14C-labeled
dissolved organic matter from leaf litter in soils of a weathering
chronosequence. Soil Biol Biochem 37:905–916
Raulund-Rasmussen K, Borggaard OK, Hansen HCB, Olsson M
(1998) Effect of natural organic soil solutes on weathering rates of
soil minerals. Eur J Soil Sci 49:397–406
Saigusa M, Matsuyama N (1998) Distribution of allophanic Andosols
and non-allophanic Andosols in Japan. Tohoku J Agric Res 48:75–
83
Saigusa M, Shoji S, Takahashi T (1980) Plant root growth in acid
Andosols from northeastern Japan: 2. Exchange acidity Y1 as a
realistic measure of aluminum toxicity potential. Soil Sci 130:242–
250
Sakaguchi Y (1974) Geology of Peatlands—search for environmental
changes. Tokyo University Press, Tokyo (in Japanese)
Sasaki S (1974) Sand dune podsol in Hamatombetsu. Hokuno 464:40–
45 (in Japanese)
Sase T (1986) Opal phytolith analysis of volcanic ash soils from recent
Towada ashes. Pedologist 30:102–114 (in Japanese with English
summary and figures)
Sato Y, Hosokawa K, Fujimura R, Nishizawa T, Kamijo T, Ohta H
(2009) Nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) of an
iron-oxidizing Leptospirillum strain cultured as a pioneer microbe
from a recent volcanic deposit on Miyake-jima, Japan. Microbes
Environ 24:291–296
Schad P (2018) Technosols in the world reference base for soil
resources—history and definitions. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 64:132–137
Schwertmann U (1985) The effect of pedogenic environments on iron
oxide minerals. Adv Soil Sci 1:172–200
Shindo H, Yoshida M, Yamamoto A, Honma H, Hiradate S (2005)
d13C values of organic constituents and possible source of humic
substances in Japanese volcanic ash soils. Soil Sci 170:175–182
Shoji S, Ito T (1990) Classification of tephra-derived Spodosols. Soil
Sci 150:799–815
Shoji S, Ono T (1978) Physical and chemical properties and clay
mineralogy of Andosols from Kitakami, Japan. Soil Sci 126:297–
312
Shoji S, Takahashi T (2002) Environmental and agricultural significance of volcanic ash soils. Glob Environ Res 6(2):113–135
Shoji S, Fujiwara Y, Yamada I, Saigusa M (1982) Chemistry and clay
mineralogy of ando soils, brown forest soils, and podzolic soils
formed from recent Towada ashes, northeastern Japan. Soil Sci
133:69–86
Shoji S, Ito T, Saigusa M, Yamada I (1985) Properties of nonallohanic
andosols from Japan. Soil Sci 140:264–277
Shoji S, Ito T, Nakamura S, Saigusa M (1987) Properties of humus of
Andosols from New Zealands, Chili and Ecuador. Jap J Soil Sci
Plant Nutr 58:473–479 (in Japanese with English summary)
Shoji S, Takahashi T, Ito T, Ping CL (1988a) Properties and
classification of selected volcanic ash soils from Kenai Peninnsula,
Alaska. Soil Sci 145:395–413
Shoji S, Takahashi T, Saigusa M, Yamada I, Ugolini FC (1988b)
Properties of Spodosols and Andisols showing climosequential
biosequential relations in southern Hakkoda, northeastern Japan.
Soil Sci 145:135–150
Shoji S, Nanzyo M, Dahlgren RA (1993a) volcanic ash soils-genesis,
properties and utilization. Developments in Soil Science 21,
Elsevier, Amsterdam
Shoji S, Nanzyo M, Shirato Y, Ito T (1993b) Chemical kinetics of
weathering in young Andisols from northeastern Japan using soil
age normalized to 10 °C. Soil Sci 155:53–60
Soil Survey Staff (1999) Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil
classification for making and interpreting soil surveys, 2nd edn.
Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of
Agriculture Handbook 436
Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to soil taxonomy, 12th edn. United States
Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service,
Washington DC, USA
Takahashi T, Dahlgren RA (2016) Nature, properties and function of
aluminum-humus complexes in volcanic soils. Geoderma 263:110–121
Takahashi T, Shoji S (1996) Active aluminum status in surface
horizons showing continuous climosequence of volcanic
ash-derived soils in Towada district, northeastern Japan. Soil Sci
Plant Nutr 42:113–120
Takata Y, Maejima Y, Ohkura T, Kohyama K, Hamazaki T, Obara H
(2010) Locating the taxonomical position of argic and cambic
horizons in Japanese Red-Yellow soils. Pedologist 54:11–20 (in
Japanese with English summary)
Takehara H (1961) Secondary agricultural research report of Iriomote
Island. Ministry of Agriculture, p 156. (in Japanese)
Tani M, Kondo R, Tsutsuki K (2001a) Iron forms in peat soils and their
relation to indices for the decomposition degree of peat. Jpn J Soil
Sci Plant Nutr 72:180–188 (in Japanese with English summary)
Tani M, Kondo R, Tsutsuki K (2001b) Dissolved organic matter and its
interaction with dissolved iron in peat pore waters. Jpn J Soil Sci
Plant Nutr 72:348–356 (in Japanese with English summary)
The Fifth Committee for Soil Classification and Nomenclature (2017).
http://pedology.jp/img/SoilClassificationSystemofJapan.pdf
The Fourth Committee for Soil Classification and Nomenclature The
Japanese society of pedology (2002). Unified Soil Classification
System of Japan—2nd Approximation (2002). Jpn Soc Pedol. (in
Japanese)
Tomioka E, Otowa M (1973) Soil survey of soya subprefecture, Soil
Survey Report No. 22 p. 75, Hokkaido National Agricultural
Experiment Staion, Sapporo, Japan. (in Japanese)
Uchiyama N (1949) Morphology of paddy soils. Chikyu shuppan,
Tokyo (Japanese)
Uchiyama N, Masui J, Onikura Y (1960) Humus clay pan soil
developed on a volcanic ash soil. Trans 7th Intern Congr, Soil Sci
4:443–450
Ugolini FC, Dahlgreen R (1987) The mechanism of podzolization as
revealed by soil solution studies. In Podzols et podzolisation: table
ronde internationale, Poitiers (France), 10–11 Apr 1986. INRA
Ugolini FC, Dahlgren RA (1991) Weathering environments and
occurrence of imogolite/allophane in selected Andisols and Spodosols. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55:1166–1171
Ugolini FC, Dahlgren RA (2002) Soil development in volcanic ash.
Glob Environ Res 6:69–81
Ugolini FC, Sletten RS (1991) The role of proton donors in
pedogenesis as revealed by soil solution studies. Soil Sci 151:59–75
Ugolini FC, Dahlgren R, Shoji S, Ito T (1988) An example of
andosolization and podzolization as revealed by soil solution studies,
southern Hakkoda, north-eastern Japan. Soil Sci 145:111–125
Ugolini FC, Sletten RS, Marrett DJ (1990) Contemporary pedogenic
processes in the Artic: brunification. Sci Edu Sol 28:333–348
University of Idaho (2019) https://www.uidaho.edu/cals/soil-orders/
spodosols. Accessed on 17 May 2019
Uoi N, Kawahigashi M, Ono M, Murata T, Watanabe M (2013)
Estimation of soil carbon storage in Shinjyuku Gyoen National
Garden based on land use history and soil compactness profiles.
Geogr Rep Tokyo Metrop Univ 48:13–24
4 Major Soil Types
131
Haginoe H (2018) Effects of row deep tillage for the growth base
formed by piling up soil in damp lowlands behind coastal sand
dunes to construct coastal disaster prevention forest belts on the
Kujukuri coastline, Japan. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 64:168–180
Qualls RG, Bridgham SD (2005) Mineralization rate of 14C-labeled
dissolved organic matter from leaf litter in soils of a weathering
chronosequence. Soil Biol Biochem 37:905–916
Raulund-Rasmussen K, Borggaard OK, Hansen HCB, Olsson M
(1998) Effect of natural organic soil solutes on weathering rates of
soil minerals. Eur J Soil Sci 49:397–406
Saigusa M, Matsuyama N (1998) Distribution of allophanic Andosols
and non-allophanic Andosols in Japan. Tohoku J Agric Res 48:75–
83
Saigusa M, Shoji S, Takahashi T (1980) Plant root growth in acid
Andosols from northeastern Japan: 2. Exchange acidity Y1 as a
realistic measure of aluminum toxicity potential. Soil Sci 130:242–
250
Sakaguchi Y (1974) Geology of Peatlands—search for environmental
changes. Tokyo University Press, Tokyo (in Japanese)
Sasaki S (1974) Sand dune podsol in Hamatombetsu. Hokuno 464:40–
45 (in Japanese)
Sase T (1986) Opal phytolith analysis of volcanic ash soils from recent
Towada ashes. Pedologist 30:102–114 (in Japanese with English
summary and figures)
Sato Y, Hosokawa K, Fujimura R, Nishizawa T, Kamijo T, Ohta H
(2009) Nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) of an
iron-oxidizing Leptospirillum strain cultured as a pioneer microbe
from a recent volcanic deposit on Miyake-jima, Japan. Microbes
Environ 24:291–296
Schad P (2018) Technosols in the world reference base for soil
resources—history and definitions. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 64:132–137
Schwertmann U (1985) The effect of pedogenic environments on iron
oxide minerals. Adv Soil Sci 1:172–200
Shindo H, Yoshida M, Yamamoto A, Honma H, Hiradate S (2005)
d13C values of organic constituents and possible source of humic
substances in Japanese volcanic ash soils. Soil Sci 170:175–182
Shoji S, Ito T (1990) Classification of tephra-derived Spodosols. Soil
Sci 150:799–815
Shoji S, Ono T (1978) Physical and chemical properties and clay
mineralogy of Andosols from Kitakami, Japan. Soil Sci 126:297–
312
Shoji S, Takahashi T (2002) Environmental and agricultural significance of volcanic ash soils. Glob Environ Res 6(2):113–135
Shoji S, Fujiwara Y, Yamada I, Saigusa M (1982) Chemistry and clay
mineralogy of ando soils, brown forest soils, and podzolic soils
formed from recent Towada ashes, northeastern Japan. Soil Sci
133:69–86
Shoji S, Ito T, Saigusa M, Yamada I (1985) Properties of nonallohanic
andosols from Japan. Soil Sci 140:264–277
Shoji S, Ito T, Nakamura S, Saigusa M (1987) Properties of humus of
Andosols from New Zealands, Chili and Ecuador. Jap J Soil Sci
Plant Nutr 58:473–479 (in Japanese with English summary)
Shoji S, Takahashi T, Ito T, Ping CL (1988a) Properties and
classification of selected volcanic ash soils from Kenai Peninnsula,
Alaska. Soil Sci 145:395–413
Shoji S, Takahashi T, Saigusa M, Yamada I, Ugolini FC (1988b)
Properties of Spodosols and Andisols showing climosequential
biosequential relations in southern Hakkoda, northeastern Japan.
Soil Sci 145:135–150
Shoji S, Nanzyo M, Dahlgren RA (1993a) volcanic ash soils-genesis,
properties and utilization. Developments in Soil Science 21,
Elsevier, Amsterdam
Shoji S, Nanzyo M, Shirato Y, Ito T (1993b) Chemical kinetics of
weathering in young Andisols from northeastern Japan using soil
age normalized to 10 °C. Soil Sci 155:53–60
Soil Survey Staff (1999) Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil
classification for making and interpreting soil surveys, 2nd edn.
Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of
Agriculture Handbook 436
Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to soil taxonomy, 12th edn. United States
Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service,
Washington DC, USA
Takahashi T, Dahlgren RA (2016) Nature, properties and function of
aluminum-humus complexes in volcanic soils. Geoderma 263:110–121
Takahashi T, Shoji S (1996) Active aluminum status in surface
horizons showing continuous climosequence of volcanic
ash-derived soils in Towada district, northeastern Japan. Soil Sci
Plant Nutr 42:113–120
Takata Y, Maejima Y, Ohkura T, Kohyama K, Hamazaki T, Obara H
(2010) Locating the taxonomical position of argic and cambic
horizons in Japanese Red-Yellow soils. Pedologist 54:11–20 (in
Japanese with English summary)
Takehara H (1961) Secondary agricultural research report of Iriomote
Island. Ministry of Agriculture, p 156. (in Japanese)
Tani M, Kondo R, Tsutsuki K (2001a) Iron forms in peat soils and their
relation to indices for the decomposition degree of peat. Jpn J Soil
Sci Plant Nutr 72:180–188 (in Japanese with English summary)
Tani M, Kondo R, Tsutsuki K (2001b) Dissolved organic matter and its
interaction with dissolved iron in peat pore waters. Jpn J Soil Sci
Plant Nutr 72:348–356 (in Japanese with English summary)
The Fifth Committee for Soil Classification and Nomenclature (2017).
http://pedology.jp/img/SoilClassificationSystemofJapan.pdf
The Fourth Committee for Soil Classification and Nomenclature The
Japanese society of pedology (2002). Unified Soil Classification
System of Japan—2nd Approximation (2002). Jpn Soc Pedol. (in
Japanese)
Tomioka E, Otowa M (1973) Soil survey of soya subprefecture, Soil
Survey Report No. 22 p. 75, Hokkaido National Agricultural
Experiment Staion, Sapporo, Japan. (in Japanese)
Uchiyama N (1949) Morphology of paddy soils. Chikyu shuppan,
Tokyo (Japanese)
Uchiyama N, Masui J, Onikura Y (1960) Humus clay pan soil
developed on a volcanic ash soil. Trans 7th Intern Congr, Soil Sci
4:443–450
Ugolini FC, Dahlgreen R (1987) The mechanism of podzolization as
revealed by soil solution studies. In Podzols et podzolisation: table
ronde internationale, Poitiers (France), 10–11 Apr 1986. INRA
Ugolini FC, Dahlgren RA (1991) Weathering environments and
occurrence of imogolite/allophane in selected Andisols and Spodosols. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55:1166–1171
Ugolini FC, Dahlgren RA (2002) Soil development in volcanic ash.
Glob Environ Res 6:69–81
Ugolini FC, Sletten RS (1991) The role of proton donors in
pedogenesis as revealed by soil solution studies. Soil Sci 151:59–75
Ugolini FC, Dahlgren R, Shoji S, Ito T (1988) An example of
andosolization and podzolization as revealed by soil solution studies,
southern Hakkoda, north-eastern Japan. Soil Sci 145:111–125
Ugolini FC, Sletten RS, Marrett DJ (1990) Contemporary pedogenic
processes in the Artic: brunification. Sci Edu Sol 28:333–348
University of Idaho (2019) https://www.uidaho.edu/cals/soil-orders/
spodosols. Accessed on 17 May 2019
Uoi N, Kawahigashi M, Ono M, Murata T, Watanabe M (2013)
Estimation of soil carbon storage in Shinjyuku Gyoen National
Garden based on land use history and soil compactness profiles.
Geogr Rep Tokyo Metrop Univ 48:13–24
4 Major Soil Types
131