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Influenza A: Influenza A is caused by a type of virus. It was the most common cause
of human influenza in 2009. Unplanned urban growth, migration, unhygienic
animal husbandry and slaughtering, and poor waste management are the major
factors that spread this disease.
Helminthiasis: Helminthiasis includes soil transmitted helminthiasis in children
which interfere with nutrient uptake of host leading to anaemia, malnourishment
and impaired mental and physical development. Helminth eggs remain viable for
1–2 months in crops and for several months in fresh water, soil and sewage.
Helminth eggs remain for several years in faecal sludge and sewage sludge. Poor
sanitation, sewage treatment and faecal contamination of soil/food/water due to
open defecation by humans and animals are major causes for spread of helminths
parasites.
Malaria: Malaria is a parasitic infection spread by Anopheles mosquitoes. Poor
sewage treatment, sanitation and stagnant water without mosquito predators like
frog/fish are main causes of mosquito breeding as well as spread of malaria.
Filaria: Filaria is an infection caused by parasite spread by blood-feeding vectors
like black flies as well as mosquito. Poor sewage treatment, sanitation and stagnant water without mosquito predators like frog/fish are main causes of mosquito
breeding as well as spread of filaria.
Dengue: Dengue fever is spread by mosquito due to stagnant water bodies as well
as decline in population of mosquito predators like frogs, wall lizards and
fishes.
Chikungunya: Chikungunya caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) spread among
people by vectors Aedes albopictus as well as Aedes aegypti. These vectors multiply due to stagnant water bodies and decline in population of predators like
frogs, fishes and wall lizards.
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD): KFD a viral haemorrhagic fever spread by tick
which is endemic to South Asia. It was first reported from Kyasanur Forest of
Karnataka, India, during the year 1957. KFD was responsible for the death of
many monkeys. Hence, the ailment is also called Monkey Fever or Monkey
Disease.
Many animals are thought to be reservoir hosts for this ailment, including rats,
squirrels porcupines, mice and shrews. Humans catch infection by the bite of
nymphs of Haemaphysalis spinigera, a type of forest the tick.
In low human development index (HDI) nations, people both as individuals and
in population suffer from high rates of illness due to improper housing, inadequate food sources, low levels of sanitation, poor water access/supply of quality
water, lack of appropriate medical care and poor environmental conditions.
The role of the HIA is to unscramble the cause of health that are affected by the
proposed project in order to permit proper management of the risks.
The relationship between the individual determinants and a project is multifaceted and often divisive. Individual determinants like age, gender, dietary intake,
alcohol, tobacco use, exercise and educational attainment, as well as employment,
determine the health of citizens in a given area.
2 Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
Influenza A: Influenza A is caused by a type of virus. It was the most common cause
of human influenza in 2009. Unplanned urban growth, migration, unhygienic
animal husbandry and slaughtering, and poor waste management are the major
factors that spread this disease.
Helminthiasis: Helminthiasis includes soil transmitted helminthiasis in children
which interfere with nutrient uptake of host leading to anaemia, malnourishment
and impaired mental and physical development. Helminth eggs remain viable for
1–2 months in crops and for several months in fresh water, soil and sewage.
Helminth eggs remain for several years in faecal sludge and sewage sludge. Poor
sanitation, sewage treatment and faecal contamination of soil/food/water due to
open defecation by humans and animals are major causes for spread of helminths
parasites.
Malaria: Malaria is a parasitic infection spread by Anopheles mosquitoes. Poor
sewage treatment, sanitation and stagnant water without mosquito predators like
frog/fish are main causes of mosquito breeding as well as spread of malaria.
Filaria: Filaria is an infection caused by parasite spread by blood-feeding vectors
like black flies as well as mosquito. Poor sewage treatment, sanitation and stagnant water without mosquito predators like frog/fish are main causes of mosquito
breeding as well as spread of filaria.
Dengue: Dengue fever is spread by mosquito due to stagnant water bodies as well
as decline in population of mosquito predators like frogs, wall lizards and
fishes.
Chikungunya: Chikungunya caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) spread among
people by vectors Aedes albopictus as well as Aedes aegypti. These vectors multiply due to stagnant water bodies and decline in population of predators like
frogs, fishes and wall lizards.
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD): KFD a viral haemorrhagic fever spread by tick
which is endemic to South Asia. It was first reported from Kyasanur Forest of
Karnataka, India, during the year 1957. KFD was responsible for the death of
many monkeys. Hence, the ailment is also called Monkey Fever or Monkey
Disease.
Many animals are thought to be reservoir hosts for this ailment, including rats,
squirrels porcupines, mice and shrews. Humans catch infection by the bite of
nymphs of Haemaphysalis spinigera, a type of forest the tick.
In low human development index (HDI) nations, people both as individuals and
in population suffer from high rates of illness due to improper housing, inadequate food sources, low levels of sanitation, poor water access/supply of quality
water, lack of appropriate medical care and poor environmental conditions.
The role of the HIA is to unscramble the cause of health that are affected by the
proposed project in order to permit proper management of the risks.
The relationship between the individual determinants and a project is multifaceted and often divisive. Individual determinants like age, gender, dietary intake,
alcohol, tobacco use, exercise and educational attainment, as well as employment,
determine the health of citizens in a given area.
2 Health Impact Assessment (HIA)