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1.4.1.3 Insurance
Governments take the obligation of insurance towards the risk for the environment
and responsibility for third-party damage, which may arise from an ecological
accident.
1.4.1.4 Grants and Subsidies
Grants and subsidies as economic instruments for pollution control can be used to
set up waste treatment/disposal facilities, which do not attract private participation
for investment.
Subsidies to new polluting activities are usually prohibited. Public authorities
may provide grants for the purpose of developing new pollution abatement
equipment.
1.4.1.5 Negotiable Permits
A negotiable permit fixes the entire quantity of pollution permissible within an area.
Polluter in the area is required to get an emission permit from local authorities compliant with emission standards. Polluter investing in processes that reduce pollution
may sell or exchange their permits to other polluters in the same geographic area.
1.4.1.6 Deposits
Another economic instrument is mandatory deposits on items such as plastic/glass
containers to persuade their return for recycling. This instrument adds a surcharge
to the price of polluting products. The surcharge is refunded when the residual/
product is returned to a collection agent.
1.4.1.7 Labelling
Environmental labelling involves a private or public body issuing labels to inform
consumers about products that are deemed to be less harmful to the environment.
1.4.1.8 Standard Setting
(a) Process Standards: These standards specify operating procedures or design
requirements applicable to manufacturer’s means and methods of activities.
(b) Product Standards: These types of standards are used for goods that are made
or manufactured for distribution.
(c) Emission Standards: These standards specify the concentration or quantity of
pollutants that can be emitted from their operations.
1 Environmental Legislation
1.4.1.3 Insurance
Governments take the obligation of insurance towards the risk for the environment
and responsibility for third-party damage, which may arise from an ecological
accident.
1.4.1.4 Grants and Subsidies
Grants and subsidies as economic instruments for pollution control can be used to
set up waste treatment/disposal facilities, which do not attract private participation
for investment.
Subsidies to new polluting activities are usually prohibited. Public authorities
may provide grants for the purpose of developing new pollution abatement
equipment.
1.4.1.5 Negotiable Permits
A negotiable permit fixes the entire quantity of pollution permissible within an area.
Polluter in the area is required to get an emission permit from local authorities compliant with emission standards. Polluter investing in processes that reduce pollution
may sell or exchange their permits to other polluters in the same geographic area.
1.4.1.6 Deposits
Another economic instrument is mandatory deposits on items such as plastic/glass
containers to persuade their return for recycling. This instrument adds a surcharge
to the price of polluting products. The surcharge is refunded when the residual/
product is returned to a collection agent.
1.4.1.7 Labelling
Environmental labelling involves a private or public body issuing labels to inform
consumers about products that are deemed to be less harmful to the environment.
1.4.1.8 Standard Setting
(a) Process Standards: These standards specify operating procedures or design
requirements applicable to manufacturer’s means and methods of activities.
(b) Product Standards: These types of standards are used for goods that are made
or manufactured for distribution.
(c) Emission Standards: These standards specify the concentration or quantity of
pollutants that can be emitted from their operations.
1 Environmental Legislation