243
• Peat moss
• Apatite
• ZVI-carbon combinations
• Limestone
The PRBs are one way to reuse solid wastes in a different way (Chandrappa and
Das 2012).
Apart from PRB, grout curtains, slurry walls, groundwater pumping and sheet
piling are used to safeguard groundwater quality (Chandrappa and Das 2014) briefly
explained below.
Grout curtains: In this technology, suspension grouts of Portland cement and/or
bentonite are injected in one or more lines of holes made into the ground/soil.
Slurry walls: In this method, a trench of width 1–1.5 m is formed which is filled
with 4–7% slurry of bentonite clay water and additives to form a low permeable wall.
Groundwater pumping: In this method, the groundwater at a contaminated site is
pumped to:
(i) Reduce the water table (Fig. 12.4)
(ii) Contain a plume
(iii) Treat contaminated groundwater
Sheet piling cut-off wall: In this technology, a wall is formed with materials such
as sheet metal, wood and precast concrete to form a cut-off wall.
Like ground water, surface water bodies can be restored by treating water body
or managing the area contributing to pollution.
In-lake techniques to restore lakes include chemical, physical and biological
measures described in Table 12.1.
Outside-lake techniques to restore lakes include chemical, physical and biological
measures described in Table 12.2.
Thirteen species of dominant and indigenous macrophytes were planted along
the Nanfeihe River, Hefei City, Anhui Province, in October 2009 and May 2010.
The plantation resulted in improvement in the biodiversity of the river and water
quality. As a result, the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus
and total nitrogen reduced by 60.4%, 39.5% and 46.0%, respectively (Juan
et al. 2012).
In the late 1960s as well as early 1970s, blooms of cyanobacteria started to occur
in Newman Lake, which was increased and became yearly occurrence through the
next decade. Implementation activities which started September 1989 included
watershed controls besides an alum treatment to lake, followed by placing of a
Speece cone for oxygenation in 1992 followed by dual-port microfloc alum injection system in 1997. The measures resulted in the decline of total phosphorus from
>50 μg/l to about 21 μg/l over the 7 years (Barry and David 2009).
Biomanipulation by eliminating benthivorous along with zooplanktivorous fish
has been used to improve in addition to restore lake water quality since several years
(Shapiro and Wright 1984; Jeppesen et al. 1990a, 1990b; Moss et al. 1996; Perrow
et al. 1997; Martin et al. 2017).
12.3 Restoring Water Bodies
• Peat moss
• Apatite
• ZVI-carbon combinations
• Limestone
The PRBs are one way to reuse solid wastes in a different way (Chandrappa and
Das 2012).
Apart from PRB, grout curtains, slurry walls, groundwater pumping and sheet
piling are used to safeguard groundwater quality (Chandrappa and Das 2014) briefly
explained below.
Grout curtains: In this technology, suspension grouts of Portland cement and/or
bentonite are injected in one or more lines of holes made into the ground/soil.
Slurry walls: In this method, a trench of width 1–1.5 m is formed which is filled
with 4–7% slurry of bentonite clay water and additives to form a low permeable wall.
Groundwater pumping: In this method, the groundwater at a contaminated site is
pumped to:
(i) Reduce the water table (Fig. 12.4)
(ii) Contain a plume
(iii) Treat contaminated groundwater
Sheet piling cut-off wall: In this technology, a wall is formed with materials such
as sheet metal, wood and precast concrete to form a cut-off wall.
Like ground water, surface water bodies can be restored by treating water body
or managing the area contributing to pollution.
In-lake techniques to restore lakes include chemical, physical and biological
measures described in Table 12.1.
Outside-lake techniques to restore lakes include chemical, physical and biological
measures described in Table 12.2.
Thirteen species of dominant and indigenous macrophytes were planted along
the Nanfeihe River, Hefei City, Anhui Province, in October 2009 and May 2010.
The plantation resulted in improvement in the biodiversity of the river and water
quality. As a result, the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus
and total nitrogen reduced by 60.4%, 39.5% and 46.0%, respectively (Juan
et al. 2012).
In the late 1960s as well as early 1970s, blooms of cyanobacteria started to occur
in Newman Lake, which was increased and became yearly occurrence through the
next decade. Implementation activities which started September 1989 included
watershed controls besides an alum treatment to lake, followed by placing of a
Speece cone for oxygenation in 1992 followed by dual-port microfloc alum injection system in 1997. The measures resulted in the decline of total phosphorus from
>50 μg/l to about 21 μg/l over the 7 years (Barry and David 2009).
Biomanipulation by eliminating benthivorous along with zooplanktivorous fish
has been used to improve in addition to restore lake water quality since several years
(Shapiro and Wright 1984; Jeppesen et al. 1990a, 1990b; Moss et al. 1996; Perrow
et al. 1997; Martin et al. 2017).
12.3 Restoring Water Bodies