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chemicals in the environment are mutagens and carcinogens. The pathogens in the
environment are responsible for communicable diseases and animals/insects may
cause injury by biting.
Clean external environment is affected by solid waste, water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution and soil pollution. These pollutions are controlled by hard laws
within a country. In order to manage trans-boundary movements of waste and pollution, some nations may come together and make soft laws to agree upon mutually
agreeable conditions to safeguard the environment of those nations.
Violation of hard law attracts penal action on violators while violation of soft law
will affect international relationships.
Laws themselves cannot control the environmental pollution. Instead, they aspire
to protect the environment by compelling suitable administrative and engineering
solutions.
Fig. 9.23 Person engaged
in cleaning cloths in river
9 Building and Changing Infrastructure
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