xxii
Fig. 4.13 Risk of injury due to occupying road for constructions without
safety signage and closing the road .................................................. 88
Fig. 4.14 Income of taxpayers and population in India .................................... 88
Fig. 4.15 Income taxpayers and population in the United States ..................... 89
Fig. 4.16 Haphazardly laid cables, poor parking facility ................................. 89
Fig. 4.17 Labourers with personnel protective equipment in India .................. 90
Fig. 4.18 Unsafe water resources ..................................................................... 90
Fig. 4.19 Unsafe building and parking ............................................................. 90
Fig. 4.20 Unsafe transportation ........................................................................ 91
Fig. 5.1 Current in water will help self-purification by exchange of gases
between water and air in addition to the dilution of pollutants ......... 102
Fig. 5.2 Stagnation of water or lower velocity in nature will settle solid
particles ............................................................................................. 104
Fig. 5.3 Water-tolerant crops that flourish forming wetland due to presence
of nutrient will reduce concentration of nutrients, which have
detrimental effect on other organisms ............................................... 104
Fig. 5.4 Another example of self-purification by water-tolerant plants
forming wetland, thereby absorbing chemicals like nitrates and
phosphates that provide surplus nutrients to plants and affect
the health of the fauna ....................................................................... 105
Fig. 5.5 View of screen in a wastewater treatment plant ................................ 115
Fig. 5.6 View of empty grit chamber .............................................................. 115
Fig. 5.7 View of primary sedimentation tank ................................................. 116
Fig. 5.8 View of waste stabilization ponds ..................................................... 117
Fig. 5.9 Aeration tank with surface aerator .................................................... 119
Fig. 5.10 Schematic diagram of SBR cycle ..................................................... 120
Fig. 5.11 Simplified conceptual diagram of nitrification
and denitrification ............................................................................. 121
Fig. 5.12 Pressure sand filter and activated carbon filter .................................. 122
Fig. 5.13 Sludge-drying beds unused for long period ...................................... 124
Fig. 6.1 Lung space preserved at the centre of New Delhi, India .................. 128
Fig. 6.2 Water sprinkling in a mining area ..................................................... 129
Fig. 6.3 Photo of a stack ................................................................................. 130
Fig. 6.4 Poorly maintained ID fan .................................................................. 130
Fig. 6.5 Classification of internal combustion engines .................................. 135
Fig. 6.6 Crusher feed provided with windscreen............................................ 136
Fig. 6.7 Large construction area ..................................................................... 136
Fig. 7.1 Highway noise barrier ....................................................................... 143
Fig. 7.2 Enclosure for diesel generator .......................................................... 144
Fig. 8.1 Food items being dried with wastes surroundings ............................ 150
Fig. 8.2 Hierarchy of environmental policy and economic burden ................ 151
Fig. 8.3 Waste dumped adjacent to street ....................................................... 152
Fig. 8.4 Stages of solid waste management ................................................... 153
List of Figures
Fig. 4.13 Risk of injury due to occupying road for constructions without
safety signage and closing the road .................................................. 88
Fig. 4.14 Income of taxpayers and population in India .................................... 88
Fig. 4.15 Income taxpayers and population in the United States ..................... 89
Fig. 4.16 Haphazardly laid cables, poor parking facility ................................. 89
Fig. 4.17 Labourers with personnel protective equipment in India .................. 90
Fig. 4.18 Unsafe water resources ..................................................................... 90
Fig. 4.19 Unsafe building and parking ............................................................. 90
Fig. 4.20 Unsafe transportation ........................................................................ 91
Fig. 5.1 Current in water will help self-purification by exchange of gases
between water and air in addition to the dilution of pollutants ......... 102
Fig. 5.2 Stagnation of water or lower velocity in nature will settle solid
particles ............................................................................................. 104
Fig. 5.3 Water-tolerant crops that flourish forming wetland due to presence
of nutrient will reduce concentration of nutrients, which have
detrimental effect on other organisms ............................................... 104
Fig. 5.4 Another example of self-purification by water-tolerant plants
forming wetland, thereby absorbing chemicals like nitrates and
phosphates that provide surplus nutrients to plants and affect
the health of the fauna ....................................................................... 105
Fig. 5.5 View of screen in a wastewater treatment plant ................................ 115
Fig. 5.6 View of empty grit chamber .............................................................. 115
Fig. 5.7 View of primary sedimentation tank ................................................. 116
Fig. 5.8 View of waste stabilization ponds ..................................................... 117
Fig. 5.9 Aeration tank with surface aerator .................................................... 119
Fig. 5.10 Schematic diagram of SBR cycle ..................................................... 120
Fig. 5.11 Simplified conceptual diagram of nitrification
and denitrification ............................................................................. 121
Fig. 5.12 Pressure sand filter and activated carbon filter .................................. 122
Fig. 5.13 Sludge-drying beds unused for long period ...................................... 124
Fig. 6.1 Lung space preserved at the centre of New Delhi, India .................. 128
Fig. 6.2 Water sprinkling in a mining area ..................................................... 129
Fig. 6.3 Photo of a stack ................................................................................. 130
Fig. 6.4 Poorly maintained ID fan .................................................................. 130
Fig. 6.5 Classification of internal combustion engines .................................. 135
Fig. 6.6 Crusher feed provided with windscreen............................................ 136
Fig. 6.7 Large construction area ..................................................................... 136
Fig. 7.1 Highway noise barrier ....................................................................... 143
Fig. 7.2 Enclosure for diesel generator .......................................................... 144
Fig. 8.1 Food items being dried with wastes surroundings ............................ 150
Fig. 8.2 Hierarchy of environmental policy and economic burden ................ 151
Fig. 8.3 Waste dumped adjacent to street ....................................................... 152
Fig. 8.4 Stages of solid waste management ................................................... 153
List of Figures