84
A. Pratiwi et al.
Agricultural Characteristics in Lampung
Coffee and cocoa have been major export commodities from Lampung province,
most notably in Tanggamus and West Lampung districts. Climate and soil conditions
are suitable for the growth and production of coffee plants. Coffee popularity in the
region is driven by the relatively high-selling and stable price since 2007. Climate
change may affect the production of coffee beans due to changes in rainfall patterns
and increases in air temperature. The prolonged dry season may decrease the quality
of coffee beans due to the increasing number of empty fruits. Extreme changes in
air temperatures can modify the biochemical composition and the flavor (Carr 2001;
Silva et al. 2005); it can also cause stressed plant growth and abnormalities (DaMatta
and Ramalho 2006).
Efforts to address climate change on coffee plants can be done through the application of cultivation technology, both in terms of adaptation and mitigation to climate
change. We review the climate-related environmental changes, their impacts, and
the coping mechanism in Table 5.1. As outlined in Table 5.1, efforts to tackle the
climate effects from the perspective of smallholder producers can be done through
the application of appropriate cultivation strategies. The short-term adaptation strategies include planting and protecting crops and trees through the management of
shading tree planting; managing soil nutrients and erosion through the application
of soil and water conservation techniques; crop diversification to reduce income
volatility through incorporation of more perennial crops; and switching to more
resilient crops or strengthening the physicality of the crops from salinity, heat, and
pest, through application of grafting methods. One of the long-term adaptation strategies for the smallholders comprises capturing more carbon from the atmosphere
through agroforestry systems with forest tree planting.
A wide range of studies (Albrecht and Kandji 2003; Palm et al. 2005) has substantiated the fact that agroforestry systems, even if they are not primarily designed
for carbon sequestration, present a unique opportunity to increase carbon stocks in
the terrestrial biosphere. Agroforestry trees play important roles to cycle nutrient
and improve the microclimate (Mbow et al. 2014). In the surveyed area, farmers
retained hardwood trees in their farmland, such as Teak (Tectona grandis), Albasia
(Albizia Falcata), Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), Banyan (Ficus microcarpa),
Rattan (Calamus manan), and Bamboo (Bambusoideae). These hardwood trees are
seen as monetary investments due to the high-valued wood price while at the same
time served as shading tree for cocoa, fruits, and other perennial crops. Simple
agroforestry practices to incorporate more diverse perennial crops are also found to
particularly benefit the low-income farmers in reducing their income volatility and
chances of complete crop failures (Pratiwi and Suzuki 2019).
Climate change results in erratic rainfall and high- and low-temperature spells,
making the plant survival as well as food and nutritional security under threat because
fruits and vegetable crops are found to be sensitive to environmental extremes like
drought and flooding (Bhatt et al. 2013). One of the methods is to enhance or improve
the genetic tolerance to such stresses by developing tolerant varieties through grafting
A. Pratiwi et al.
Agricultural Characteristics in Lampung
Coffee and cocoa have been major export commodities from Lampung province,
most notably in Tanggamus and West Lampung districts. Climate and soil conditions
are suitable for the growth and production of coffee plants. Coffee popularity in the
region is driven by the relatively high-selling and stable price since 2007. Climate
change may affect the production of coffee beans due to changes in rainfall patterns
and increases in air temperature. The prolonged dry season may decrease the quality
of coffee beans due to the increasing number of empty fruits. Extreme changes in
air temperatures can modify the biochemical composition and the flavor (Carr 2001;
Silva et al. 2005); it can also cause stressed plant growth and abnormalities (DaMatta
and Ramalho 2006).
Efforts to address climate change on coffee plants can be done through the application of cultivation technology, both in terms of adaptation and mitigation to climate
change. We review the climate-related environmental changes, their impacts, and
the coping mechanism in Table 5.1. As outlined in Table 5.1, efforts to tackle the
climate effects from the perspective of smallholder producers can be done through
the application of appropriate cultivation strategies. The short-term adaptation strategies include planting and protecting crops and trees through the management of
shading tree planting; managing soil nutrients and erosion through the application
of soil and water conservation techniques; crop diversification to reduce income
volatility through incorporation of more perennial crops; and switching to more
resilient crops or strengthening the physicality of the crops from salinity, heat, and
pest, through application of grafting methods. One of the long-term adaptation strategies for the smallholders comprises capturing more carbon from the atmosphere
through agroforestry systems with forest tree planting.
A wide range of studies (Albrecht and Kandji 2003; Palm et al. 2005) has substantiated the fact that agroforestry systems, even if they are not primarily designed
for carbon sequestration, present a unique opportunity to increase carbon stocks in
the terrestrial biosphere. Agroforestry trees play important roles to cycle nutrient
and improve the microclimate (Mbow et al. 2014). In the surveyed area, farmers
retained hardwood trees in their farmland, such as Teak (Tectona grandis), Albasia
(Albizia Falcata), Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), Banyan (Ficus microcarpa),
Rattan (Calamus manan), and Bamboo (Bambusoideae). These hardwood trees are
seen as monetary investments due to the high-valued wood price while at the same
time served as shading tree for cocoa, fruits, and other perennial crops. Simple
agroforestry practices to incorporate more diverse perennial crops are also found to
particularly benefit the low-income farmers in reducing their income volatility and
chances of complete crop failures (Pratiwi and Suzuki 2019).
Climate change results in erratic rainfall and high- and low-temperature spells,
making the plant survival as well as food and nutritional security under threat because
fruits and vegetable crops are found to be sensitive to environmental extremes like
drought and flooding (Bhatt et al. 2013). One of the methods is to enhance or improve
the genetic tolerance to such stresses by developing tolerant varieties through grafting