168
M. Kasim
Conclusion
Coastal ecosystem and communities are being and will continue to be influenced by
climate change. Coral reefs have a higher vulnerability compared to mangroves and
seagrass beds. Structured, collaborative, and integrated management is one of the best
strategies to maintain the sustainability of the ecosystem support. The government
is expected to have a strategy of law enforcement and national defense strategies
to minimize the larger and dangerous impacts on coastal communities. Building
and strengthening the resilience of individuals and communities to climate change
by developing alternative livelihood activities (e.g., seaweed cultivation) is a good
strategy.
References
Aldrian E, Karmini E, Budiman (2011) Adaptasi dan Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim di Indonesia,
Pusat Perubahan Iklim dan Kualitas Udara Kedeputian Bidang Klimatologi Badan Meteorologi,
Klimatologi, dan Geofisika, p 174
Allison EH, Ellis F (2001) The livelihoods approach and management of small-scale fisheries. Mar
Policy 25(5):377–388
Allison EH, Perry AL, Badjeck MC, Adger WN, Brown K, Conway D, Halls AS, Pilling GM,
Reynolds JD, Andrew NL, Dulvy NK (2009) Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts
of climate change on fisheries. Fish Fish 10:173–196
Alongi DM (2007) Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global
climate change. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 76:1–13
Alongi DM (2015) The impact of climate change on mangrove forests. Current Clim Change Rep
1(1):30–39
Araújo RM, Assis J, Aguillar R, Airoldi L, Bárbara I, Bartsch I (2016) Status, trends and drivers of
kelp forests in Europe: an expert assessment. Biodivers Conserv 25:1319–1348. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10531-016-1141-7
Arias-Ortiz A, Serrano O, Masqué P, Lavery PS, Mueller U, Kendrick GA, Rozaimi M, Esteban A,
Fourqurean JW, Marbà N, Mateo MA, Murray K, Rule MJ, Duarte CM (2018) A marine heatwave
drives massive losses from the world’s largest seagrass carbon stocks. Nat Clim Change. https://
doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0096-y
Asian Development Bank (2014) State of the coral triangle: Indonesia Mandaluyong City
Philippines, p 69
Assis J, Araújo MB, Serrão EA (2017) Projected climate changes threaten ancient refugia of kelp
forests in the North Atlantic. Glob Chang Biol 24:e55–e66. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13818
BAPPENAS (2011) Indonesia adaptation strategy : improving capacity to adapt, ministry of
national development planning/national development planning agency (BAPPENAS). https://
www.bappenas.go.id/files/6414/1171/7069/INDONESIA_ADAPTATION_STRATEGY_-_
Improving_Capacity_to_Adapt.pdf. Access 17 Apr 2019, p 39
Bates N, Peters A (2007) The contribution of atmospheric acid deposition to ocean acidification in
the subtropical north atlantic Ocean. Mar Chem 107:547–558
Bene C (2006) Small-scale fisheries: assessing their contribution to rural livelihoods in developing
countries. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Brander KM (2007) Global fish production and climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(50):19709–
19714. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702059104
M. Kasim
Conclusion
Coastal ecosystem and communities are being and will continue to be influenced by
climate change. Coral reefs have a higher vulnerability compared to mangroves and
seagrass beds. Structured, collaborative, and integrated management is one of the best
strategies to maintain the sustainability of the ecosystem support. The government
is expected to have a strategy of law enforcement and national defense strategies
to minimize the larger and dangerous impacts on coastal communities. Building
and strengthening the resilience of individuals and communities to climate change
by developing alternative livelihood activities (e.g., seaweed cultivation) is a good
strategy.
References
Aldrian E, Karmini E, Budiman (2011) Adaptasi dan Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim di Indonesia,
Pusat Perubahan Iklim dan Kualitas Udara Kedeputian Bidang Klimatologi Badan Meteorologi,
Klimatologi, dan Geofisika, p 174
Allison EH, Ellis F (2001) The livelihoods approach and management of small-scale fisheries. Mar
Policy 25(5):377–388
Allison EH, Perry AL, Badjeck MC, Adger WN, Brown K, Conway D, Halls AS, Pilling GM,
Reynolds JD, Andrew NL, Dulvy NK (2009) Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts
of climate change on fisheries. Fish Fish 10:173–196
Alongi DM (2007) Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global
climate change. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 76:1–13
Alongi DM (2015) The impact of climate change on mangrove forests. Current Clim Change Rep
1(1):30–39
Araújo RM, Assis J, Aguillar R, Airoldi L, Bárbara I, Bartsch I (2016) Status, trends and drivers of
kelp forests in Europe: an expert assessment. Biodivers Conserv 25:1319–1348. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10531-016-1141-7
Arias-Ortiz A, Serrano O, Masqué P, Lavery PS, Mueller U, Kendrick GA, Rozaimi M, Esteban A,
Fourqurean JW, Marbà N, Mateo MA, Murray K, Rule MJ, Duarte CM (2018) A marine heatwave
drives massive losses from the world’s largest seagrass carbon stocks. Nat Clim Change. https://
doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0096-y
Asian Development Bank (2014) State of the coral triangle: Indonesia Mandaluyong City
Philippines, p 69
Assis J, Araújo MB, Serrão EA (2017) Projected climate changes threaten ancient refugia of kelp
forests in the North Atlantic. Glob Chang Biol 24:e55–e66. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13818
BAPPENAS (2011) Indonesia adaptation strategy : improving capacity to adapt, ministry of
national development planning/national development planning agency (BAPPENAS). https://
www.bappenas.go.id/files/6414/1171/7069/INDONESIA_ADAPTATION_STRATEGY_-_
Improving_Capacity_to_Adapt.pdf. Access 17 Apr 2019, p 39
Bates N, Peters A (2007) The contribution of atmospheric acid deposition to ocean acidification in
the subtropical north atlantic Ocean. Mar Chem 107:547–558
Bene C (2006) Small-scale fisheries: assessing their contribution to rural livelihoods in developing
countries. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Brander KM (2007) Global fish production and climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(50):19709–
19714. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702059104