154
M. Kasim
Islands found a 25% reduction in diversity. The reduced diversity of coral reefs
affected by land pollution implies a dramatic, rapid decline in Indonesia’s coralbased fisheries resources (Edinger et al. 1998). Indonesia provided around 41% of
coral exports worldwide from 1995 to 2001 (Spalding et al. 2001). Many people also
value coral reefs because of their unique aesthetic and cultural values. Coral reefs
are an invaluable resource for local communities throughout the world, functioning
as a source of food, work, and livelihoods, and as a protection for the coast.
Bleaching event usually coincides with El Nino in Indonesia, which was first
recorded in 1982–1983, which caused massive coral mortality in the Southern China
Sea, Java Sea, and Sunda Strait. Coral deaths on the Thousand Islands and Karimunjawa Islands reach 90%. In 1997–1998, El Nino occurred again and resulted in mass
coral death in Luat South China, Java Sea to reach 60–70%. At the same time in
the western part of Southern Sumatera, there was also a massive coral death but
the cause was not due to rising temperatures but a decrease to below 26 °C. Coral
mortality in the western part of Sumatra reaches 90%. The El Nino incident at that
time coincided with the incident of IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole mode). In 2010, there
was coral bleaching in the Natuna Islands, Riau Islands, and around Aceh, especially
on Pulau Weh. But this warm mass of water does not continue so that coral reefs
in Bangka Belitung and Pulau Seribu are safe. In 2016, bleaching process was also
reported to have occurred in several Indonesian waters. This coral reefs bleaching
also occurs in the western part of Sumatra, South Java, Bali, Lombok to the south of
NTT and NTB. The period of warm water appears in March, and mass mortality of
corals varies greatly. Coral deaths this year also occur in Australia’s Great Barrier
Reef, and coral mortality is reported to have reached 90%. The current bleaching
event does not seem to be continuing because the anomalous warming period in the
south of the Indian Ocean has moved back to normal. El Nino and bleaching events
are believed to be the result of global climate change (CRITC COREMAP–LIPI
2016b).
Coral reefs in Southeast Sulawesi until 2018, of a total of 53,153 ha, still show
dominance of coral cover with moderate conditions reaching 13–60%. The distribution of many coral reefs is found in shallow areas with up to 10 m deep. The highest
dominance of coral reefs is in the subtidal area with an average depth of 7 m. The
dominant coral species are branching coral, encrusting coral, and massive coral. In
addition, there is also a fairly varied distribution of soft corals. The total number of
coral species in Southeast Sulawesi reaches 500 species. Most people use coral reefs
as an area to catch demersal fish. However, some people also take coral as building
material.
In 2009, the seawaters of Southeast Sulawesi experienced extensive coral
bleaching reaching 80%. Bleaching also occurs in several locations in Indonesia.
This event of bleaching is actually a coral death that can reach 80–90% (COREMAP
II 2009). In 2016, the bleaching process in Southeast Sulawesi was repeated again
and fulfilled a location that was not too large when compared to 2009. Some coral
reefs were seen by algae. Some locations seem to recover well. The process of
recovering coral reefs in several locations, especially in the waters of Buton Regency,
Southeast Sulawesi Province, looks very varied. The bleaching process that occurred
M. Kasim
Islands found a 25% reduction in diversity. The reduced diversity of coral reefs
affected by land pollution implies a dramatic, rapid decline in Indonesia’s coralbased fisheries resources (Edinger et al. 1998). Indonesia provided around 41% of
coral exports worldwide from 1995 to 2001 (Spalding et al. 2001). Many people also
value coral reefs because of their unique aesthetic and cultural values. Coral reefs
are an invaluable resource for local communities throughout the world, functioning
as a source of food, work, and livelihoods, and as a protection for the coast.
Bleaching event usually coincides with El Nino in Indonesia, which was first
recorded in 1982–1983, which caused massive coral mortality in the Southern China
Sea, Java Sea, and Sunda Strait. Coral deaths on the Thousand Islands and Karimunjawa Islands reach 90%. In 1997–1998, El Nino occurred again and resulted in mass
coral death in Luat South China, Java Sea to reach 60–70%. At the same time in
the western part of Southern Sumatera, there was also a massive coral death but
the cause was not due to rising temperatures but a decrease to below 26 °C. Coral
mortality in the western part of Sumatra reaches 90%. The El Nino incident at that
time coincided with the incident of IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole mode). In 2010, there
was coral bleaching in the Natuna Islands, Riau Islands, and around Aceh, especially
on Pulau Weh. But this warm mass of water does not continue so that coral reefs
in Bangka Belitung and Pulau Seribu are safe. In 2016, bleaching process was also
reported to have occurred in several Indonesian waters. This coral reefs bleaching
also occurs in the western part of Sumatra, South Java, Bali, Lombok to the south of
NTT and NTB. The period of warm water appears in March, and mass mortality of
corals varies greatly. Coral deaths this year also occur in Australia’s Great Barrier
Reef, and coral mortality is reported to have reached 90%. The current bleaching
event does not seem to be continuing because the anomalous warming period in the
south of the Indian Ocean has moved back to normal. El Nino and bleaching events
are believed to be the result of global climate change (CRITC COREMAP–LIPI
2016b).
Coral reefs in Southeast Sulawesi until 2018, of a total of 53,153 ha, still show
dominance of coral cover with moderate conditions reaching 13–60%. The distribution of many coral reefs is found in shallow areas with up to 10 m deep. The highest
dominance of coral reefs is in the subtidal area with an average depth of 7 m. The
dominant coral species are branching coral, encrusting coral, and massive coral. In
addition, there is also a fairly varied distribution of soft corals. The total number of
coral species in Southeast Sulawesi reaches 500 species. Most people use coral reefs
as an area to catch demersal fish. However, some people also take coral as building
material.
In 2009, the seawaters of Southeast Sulawesi experienced extensive coral
bleaching reaching 80%. Bleaching also occurs in several locations in Indonesia.
This event of bleaching is actually a coral death that can reach 80–90% (COREMAP
II 2009). In 2016, the bleaching process in Southeast Sulawesi was repeated again
and fulfilled a location that was not too large when compared to 2009. Some coral
reefs were seen by algae. Some locations seem to recover well. The process of
recovering coral reefs in several locations, especially in the waters of Buton Regency,
Southeast Sulawesi Province, looks very varied. The bleaching process that occurred