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H. Warsilah
certain sectors, and at the regional level, because so far many development projects
in coastal areas have absorbed a lot of capital. Such as the fish farming industry,
tourism resorts, mining industry, sea port development, and coastal reclamation.
In this capital-intensive development, private investors have not paid attention to
the aspects of sustainability and inclusiveness of marine and coastal ecosystems.
Currently, they are required to adopt an inclusive sustainable development approach,
if they do not comply with their business permits they are revoked and their companies
are prohibited from operating.
The Concept of Inclusive Coastal Management Related
to Climate Change (ICRM)
The concept of coastal zone management has been elaborated by scholars, for
instance, in Bengen (2001: 56) that points out managing coastal zones refers to
managing natural resources and services in coastal zones by making a comprehensive assessment, planning, and organizing each activity that marks potential benefits
for further sustainable development. Moreover, Bengen also underlines that the key
to success of coastal zone management is the integrated planning and management
of coastal zones and beaches that include four aspects as follows: (1) ecological
integration, (2) sectorial integration, (3) academic integration disciplinary, and (4)
stakeholders integration. According to Martinuzen (1977), the arrangement of coastal
spaces certainly must refer to the sustainable development paradigm that pays attention to the balance of ecological, economic, and social functions. From the results
of the study, there appears to be a gap, a fairly wide gap between environmental
conservation and economic development. In reality, both economic and environmental aspects cannot go hand in hand, what happens is a trade-off so that one aspect
must be chosen as a priority. This is in accordance with Law No. 27 of 2007, which
states that reclamation is an activity carried out by people in order to increase land
resources in terms of environmental and socio-economic aspects by way of extraction, drying, or drainage. Management of coastal spatial planning is also associated
with the concept of resilience cities.
Walker (2007) states that “Resilience is one that has developed capacities to help
absorb future shocks and stresses to its social, economic, and technical systems and
infrastructure so as to still be able to maintain essentially the same functions, structures, systems, and identity”. And according to Wildavsky, resilience is the concept
that a more resilience to disaster system, not just immune to changes, but also how the
system can bounce back, mitigate, and recover from disasters. Wildavsky also underlines the general characteristics of a resilient system as follows, redundancy, diversity, efficiency, autonomy, powers, interdependence, adaptation, and collaboration
(Djalante and Thomalla 2011).
The case that occurred in Indonesia is due to the absence of good governance in
the coastal areas and the less policy choices to reclaim the coastal areas that caused
H. Warsilah
certain sectors, and at the regional level, because so far many development projects
in coastal areas have absorbed a lot of capital. Such as the fish farming industry,
tourism resorts, mining industry, sea port development, and coastal reclamation.
In this capital-intensive development, private investors have not paid attention to
the aspects of sustainability and inclusiveness of marine and coastal ecosystems.
Currently, they are required to adopt an inclusive sustainable development approach,
if they do not comply with their business permits they are revoked and their companies
are prohibited from operating.
The Concept of Inclusive Coastal Management Related
to Climate Change (ICRM)
The concept of coastal zone management has been elaborated by scholars, for
instance, in Bengen (2001: 56) that points out managing coastal zones refers to
managing natural resources and services in coastal zones by making a comprehensive assessment, planning, and organizing each activity that marks potential benefits
for further sustainable development. Moreover, Bengen also underlines that the key
to success of coastal zone management is the integrated planning and management
of coastal zones and beaches that include four aspects as follows: (1) ecological
integration, (2) sectorial integration, (3) academic integration disciplinary, and (4)
stakeholders integration. According to Martinuzen (1977), the arrangement of coastal
spaces certainly must refer to the sustainable development paradigm that pays attention to the balance of ecological, economic, and social functions. From the results
of the study, there appears to be a gap, a fairly wide gap between environmental
conservation and economic development. In reality, both economic and environmental aspects cannot go hand in hand, what happens is a trade-off so that one aspect
must be chosen as a priority. This is in accordance with Law No. 27 of 2007, which
states that reclamation is an activity carried out by people in order to increase land
resources in terms of environmental and socio-economic aspects by way of extraction, drying, or drainage. Management of coastal spatial planning is also associated
with the concept of resilience cities.
Walker (2007) states that “Resilience is one that has developed capacities to help
absorb future shocks and stresses to its social, economic, and technical systems and
infrastructure so as to still be able to maintain essentially the same functions, structures, systems, and identity”. And according to Wildavsky, resilience is the concept
that a more resilience to disaster system, not just immune to changes, but also how the
system can bounce back, mitigate, and recover from disasters. Wildavsky also underlines the general characteristics of a resilient system as follows, redundancy, diversity, efficiency, autonomy, powers, interdependence, adaptation, and collaboration
(Djalante and Thomalla 2011).
The case that occurred in Indonesia is due to the absence of good governance in
the coastal areas and the less policy choices to reclaim the coastal areas that caused