7 Resilience of Coastal Cities in Facing Climate Change: Reclamation …
125
using the inclusive social development research approach with qualitative research
methods.
This research employs qualitative research approaches and using the concept
of Bengen (2001: 56), the key to coastal areas of governance are four aspects as
follows: (1) ecological integration; (2) Integration of sectors; (3) the integration of
scientific disciplines; and (4) the integration of stakeholders and using ICM Concept
by Adrianto and warsilah (2017–2018). Data collection is obtained from tiered focus
group discussions. The objective of this paper is to analyze the social resilience of
coastal areas in the face of global climate change impacts to enrich regional climate
studies and climate change policy in Indonesia.
Literature Review
Climate Change in Indonesia and the Government
of Indonesia Issued Policy Regarding Climate Change
Indonesia is an archipelagic nation with the fourth-longest coastline in the world,
after United States, Canada, and Russia, with a long coastline of 95.181 km and ¾ of
the total area of Indonesia consists of coastal zones (5,8 million km
2 from 7,827,087
km
2 ). Until now, coastal peoples have generated a large amount of marine resources
and a great benefit from coastal zones. This zone is often linked with a variety of
economic activities and a sharing of various benefits among coastal communities in
managing marine resources. Indonesia has faced grave threats due to climate change.
Consisted of 17.508 islands, Indonesia is by far the largest archipelagic nation in the
world with long coastal zones of jurisdiction and a large population of more than 250
million inhabitants. Indonesia is also one of countries that has frequently coped with
the challenges of natural disasters with millions inhabitants living within the coastal
zones. It is also supported by the fact that many coastal communities still depend on
fisheries although the activity generates an alarming rate of Coast at Risk Index (Beck
2014). Disaster-related statistics from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of
Disasters (CRED) also confirms this risk. The effects of climate change in coastal
areas in a variety of ways are often worsened by unmanaged developments within
the areas; sea level rises, for example (Ward et al. 2012). It is projected that sea level
rises will increase 40 cm or ±20 cm in 2050; and it will increase 56 cm or ±32 cm
in 2080. If this trend is true, it is estimated that the average of sea level rises will
reach ±40 cm this last century (ICCSR 2010 in MOST UNESCO-LIPI: 2018).
Due to sea level rises, until now Indonesia has lost 29.000 Ha of coastal areas,
particularly in the North of Java and other regions as well. As a global phenomenon,
climate change and global warming pose uncertain wet and dry season, high-intensity
rainfall, sea level rises that threaten coastal areas and other disasters due to the impacts
of climate change in the form of tsunami waves that frequently hit coastal areas
recently in 2019 such as in Tanjung Lesung Banten (Java), Lampung (Sumatra),
125
using the inclusive social development research approach with qualitative research
methods.
This research employs qualitative research approaches and using the concept
of Bengen (2001: 56), the key to coastal areas of governance are four aspects as
follows: (1) ecological integration; (2) Integration of sectors; (3) the integration of
scientific disciplines; and (4) the integration of stakeholders and using ICM Concept
by Adrianto and warsilah (2017–2018). Data collection is obtained from tiered focus
group discussions. The objective of this paper is to analyze the social resilience of
coastal areas in the face of global climate change impacts to enrich regional climate
studies and climate change policy in Indonesia.
Literature Review
Climate Change in Indonesia and the Government
of Indonesia Issued Policy Regarding Climate Change
Indonesia is an archipelagic nation with the fourth-longest coastline in the world,
after United States, Canada, and Russia, with a long coastline of 95.181 km and ¾ of
the total area of Indonesia consists of coastal zones (5,8 million km
2 from 7,827,087
km
2 ). Until now, coastal peoples have generated a large amount of marine resources
and a great benefit from coastal zones. This zone is often linked with a variety of
economic activities and a sharing of various benefits among coastal communities in
managing marine resources. Indonesia has faced grave threats due to climate change.
Consisted of 17.508 islands, Indonesia is by far the largest archipelagic nation in the
world with long coastal zones of jurisdiction and a large population of more than 250
million inhabitants. Indonesia is also one of countries that has frequently coped with
the challenges of natural disasters with millions inhabitants living within the coastal
zones. It is also supported by the fact that many coastal communities still depend on
fisheries although the activity generates an alarming rate of Coast at Risk Index (Beck
2014). Disaster-related statistics from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of
Disasters (CRED) also confirms this risk. The effects of climate change in coastal
areas in a variety of ways are often worsened by unmanaged developments within
the areas; sea level rises, for example (Ward et al. 2012). It is projected that sea level
rises will increase 40 cm or ±20 cm in 2050; and it will increase 56 cm or ±32 cm
in 2080. If this trend is true, it is estimated that the average of sea level rises will
reach ±40 cm this last century (ICCSR 2010 in MOST UNESCO-LIPI: 2018).
Due to sea level rises, until now Indonesia has lost 29.000 Ha of coastal areas,
particularly in the North of Java and other regions as well. As a global phenomenon,
climate change and global warming pose uncertain wet and dry season, high-intensity
rainfall, sea level rises that threaten coastal areas and other disasters due to the impacts
of climate change in the form of tsunami waves that frequently hit coastal areas
recently in 2019 such as in Tanjung Lesung Banten (Java), Lampung (Sumatra),