1. cooperation to improve battery technology
and seasonal storage investment to bring
down the costs of electricity storage;
2. expansion of grid infrastructure regionally
and continentally to smooth supply–demand
imbalances and exploit opportunities to
export electricity from regions with high
renewable capacities; and
3. coordinating reforms of power markets in line
with grid expansion to enable capacity markets,
or equivalent market mechanisms, to provide
adequate and affordable fast-reacting generators to balance intermittent renewable supply.
Due to the increasing demand for certain
metal resources for low-carbon technology
manufacture, the geographic concentration of
resources such as lithium and cobalt in fragile
regions, and the difficulty of substitution, governments and businesses are increasingly keen to
safeguard against supply shortages in growing
markets.
Fig. 32 Analysis of clean technology progress. Source International Energy Agency, Tracking Clean Energy Progress
2017
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W. Jigang and P. Webb