20 Anti-fouling: Affection and Efficiency
235
The results show that marine growth occurs tremendously on 0.5 m depth underwater because of greater sun penetration for better photosynthesis as well as abundance of diet nutrition. For better protection, three layered thicknesses of paint is
one step ahead against marine bio-fouling compared to other thicknesses. This is
not surprising at all because a higher thickness means more layers before it run off.
However, caution needs to be taken because the paint sticks on surface which rely on
the paint primer itself. In terms of binders, Silyl-acralyte shows greater capabilities
in combating bio-fouling due to its inherent characteristic in controlling the release
of biocide.
Acknowledgements The author thanks anyone who helps in giving guidance and care over the
course of this work.
References
1. Hellio, C., Yebra, D.: Advances in Marine Anti-fouling Coatings and Technologies. Woodhead
Publishing, Oxford (2009)
2. Zhou, F.: Antifouling Surfaces and Materials. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg (2015)
3. Ketut, I., Utama, N.B., Chin, C., Lukman, M., Hakim, M., Prasetyo, F., Yusuf, M., Suastika, K.,
Monty, J., Hutchins, N., Ganapathisubramani, B.: A study of skin friction-drag from realistic
roughness of a freshly cleaned and painted ship hull. ISME (2017)
4. OU-yahia, D., Fikri, B.K., Barkai, H., Sadiki, M., Saad, I.: Study of marine bacteria adhesion
on sea-immersed 304 and 316 stainless steels: experimental and theoretical investigations. J.
Adhes. Sci. Technol. 32, 185–196 (2018)
5. Merchant: Measuring Underwater noise exposure from shipping. 78. Retrieved from https://
opus.bath.ac.uk/42341/1/Merchant_Thesis_Corrected_20Feb2014.pdf (2013). Accessed: 18Nov-2019
6. Ciriminna, R., Bright, F., Pagliaro, M.: Eco friendly anti-fouling marine coatings. ACS Sustain.
Chem. Eng. 3, 559–565 (2015)
7. Schwartz, N., Rohde, S., Dobretsov, S., Hiromori, S., Schupp, P.: The role of chemical antifouling defence in the invasion success of Sargassum muticum: a comparison of native and
invasive brown algae. PLOS ONE . Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?
id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189761 (2017). Accessed: 17-Nov-2019
8. Uzun, D., Demirel, Y., Coraddu, A., Turan, O.: Time-dependent biofouling growth model for
predicting the effects of biofouling on ship resistance and powering. Ocean Eng. 191, 106432
(2019)
9. Mishr, C., Fitwi, Z., Imuru, H.: Hull cleaning operation efficiency in containing biological
material. Ijcrr 9, 20203–20217 (2018)
10. Monty, J., Dogan, E., Hanson, R., Scardino, A.J., Ganapathisubramani, B., Hutchins, N.: An
assessment of the ship drag penalty arising from light calcareous tubeworm fouling. Biofouling
32, 451–464 (2016)
11. Lindholdt, A., Dam-Johansen, K., Olsen, S., Yebra, D., Kiil, S.: Effects of bio-fouling development on drag forces of hull coatings for ocean-going ships: a review. J. Coat. Technol. Res.
12, 415–444 (2015)
12. Michelis, A., Gougoulidis, G.: Current and future trends in marine anti-fouling coatings and
the study of energy efficiency benefits for a naval fleet. Conference: Environment & Energy in
Ships (EEinS) (2015)
235
The results show that marine growth occurs tremendously on 0.5 m depth underwater because of greater sun penetration for better photosynthesis as well as abundance of diet nutrition. For better protection, three layered thicknesses of paint is
one step ahead against marine bio-fouling compared to other thicknesses. This is
not surprising at all because a higher thickness means more layers before it run off.
However, caution needs to be taken because the paint sticks on surface which rely on
the paint primer itself. In terms of binders, Silyl-acralyte shows greater capabilities
in combating bio-fouling due to its inherent characteristic in controlling the release
of biocide.
Acknowledgements The author thanks anyone who helps in giving guidance and care over the
course of this work.
References
1. Hellio, C., Yebra, D.: Advances in Marine Anti-fouling Coatings and Technologies. Woodhead
Publishing, Oxford (2009)
2. Zhou, F.: Antifouling Surfaces and Materials. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg (2015)
3. Ketut, I., Utama, N.B., Chin, C., Lukman, M., Hakim, M., Prasetyo, F., Yusuf, M., Suastika, K.,
Monty, J., Hutchins, N., Ganapathisubramani, B.: A study of skin friction-drag from realistic
roughness of a freshly cleaned and painted ship hull. ISME (2017)
4. OU-yahia, D., Fikri, B.K., Barkai, H., Sadiki, M., Saad, I.: Study of marine bacteria adhesion
on sea-immersed 304 and 316 stainless steels: experimental and theoretical investigations. J.
Adhes. Sci. Technol. 32, 185–196 (2018)
5. Merchant: Measuring Underwater noise exposure from shipping. 78. Retrieved from https://
opus.bath.ac.uk/42341/1/Merchant_Thesis_Corrected_20Feb2014.pdf (2013). Accessed: 18Nov-2019
6. Ciriminna, R., Bright, F., Pagliaro, M.: Eco friendly anti-fouling marine coatings. ACS Sustain.
Chem. Eng. 3, 559–565 (2015)
7. Schwartz, N., Rohde, S., Dobretsov, S., Hiromori, S., Schupp, P.: The role of chemical antifouling defence in the invasion success of Sargassum muticum: a comparison of native and
invasive brown algae. PLOS ONE . Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?
id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189761 (2017). Accessed: 17-Nov-2019
8. Uzun, D., Demirel, Y., Coraddu, A., Turan, O.: Time-dependent biofouling growth model for
predicting the effects of biofouling on ship resistance and powering. Ocean Eng. 191, 106432
(2019)
9. Mishr, C., Fitwi, Z., Imuru, H.: Hull cleaning operation efficiency in containing biological
material. Ijcrr 9, 20203–20217 (2018)
10. Monty, J., Dogan, E., Hanson, R., Scardino, A.J., Ganapathisubramani, B., Hutchins, N.: An
assessment of the ship drag penalty arising from light calcareous tubeworm fouling. Biofouling
32, 451–464 (2016)
11. Lindholdt, A., Dam-Johansen, K., Olsen, S., Yebra, D., Kiil, S.: Effects of bio-fouling development on drag forces of hull coatings for ocean-going ships: a review. J. Coat. Technol. Res.
12, 415–444 (2015)
12. Michelis, A., Gougoulidis, G.: Current and future trends in marine anti-fouling coatings and
the study of energy efficiency benefits for a naval fleet. Conference: Environment & Energy in
Ships (EEinS) (2015)