Chapter 16
Mitigating Engine Exhaust Emission
Using Solenoid as Replacement
for the Engine’s Block
Md Redzuan Zoolfakar and Muhamad Ammar Muhsin Din
Abstract The emissions produced by hydrocarbon engines are one of the main
sources to air pollution and climate change. In order to mitigate those problems,
the emission produced by the engine can be eliminated by replacing the fuel in the
engine’s block with solenoid. The model operates on solenoid with various speed
settings of the engine. No emission was generated during the operation and the
combustion-related part of the engine are removed, thus, reducing the overall weight
of the engine. Waste heat is dissipated at the power transistor, solenoid, and piston
due to losses such as ohmic resistance and eddy current. Due to nature of the solenoid
which is similar to an inductor, this engine is expected to best operate as low-speed
engine.
Keywords Solenoid engine · Electric engine · Zero emission engine
16.1 Introduction
Technically, an emission is an action which is releasing anything such as gases and
particulate matter out into the open such as open air from various sources [1]. Even
the human body has emissions such as sweat, drool, and gas. One of main contributors
for air pollution and threat to climate change is the combustion of fossil fuel that is
causing emissions which are the working principle of the internal combustion type
engine and steam turbine that is widely used in transportation & energy industry [2].
In 2010, road transport alone accounts for 42, 16, 15, and 29% of total NOx, VOC,
PM, and CO emissions, respectively [3]. Motor vehicles, industries, aircrafts, and
areas of high population densities are identified as the main sources of emission [4].
M. R. Zoolfakar (B) · M. A. M. Din
Marine and Electrical Engineering Technology, Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering
Technology, Perak, Malaysia
e-mail: redzuan@unikl.edu.com
M. A. M. Din
e-mail: ammarkonyen@gmail.com
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
A. Ismail et al. (eds.), Advanced Engineering for Processes and Technologies II,
Advanced Structured Materials 147,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67307-9_16
167
Mitigating Engine Exhaust Emission
Using Solenoid as Replacement
for the Engine’s Block
Md Redzuan Zoolfakar and Muhamad Ammar Muhsin Din
Abstract The emissions produced by hydrocarbon engines are one of the main
sources to air pollution and climate change. In order to mitigate those problems,
the emission produced by the engine can be eliminated by replacing the fuel in the
engine’s block with solenoid. The model operates on solenoid with various speed
settings of the engine. No emission was generated during the operation and the
combustion-related part of the engine are removed, thus, reducing the overall weight
of the engine. Waste heat is dissipated at the power transistor, solenoid, and piston
due to losses such as ohmic resistance and eddy current. Due to nature of the solenoid
which is similar to an inductor, this engine is expected to best operate as low-speed
engine.
Keywords Solenoid engine · Electric engine · Zero emission engine
16.1 Introduction
Technically, an emission is an action which is releasing anything such as gases and
particulate matter out into the open such as open air from various sources [1]. Even
the human body has emissions such as sweat, drool, and gas. One of main contributors
for air pollution and threat to climate change is the combustion of fossil fuel that is
causing emissions which are the working principle of the internal combustion type
engine and steam turbine that is widely used in transportation & energy industry [2].
In 2010, road transport alone accounts for 42, 16, 15, and 29% of total NOx, VOC,
PM, and CO emissions, respectively [3]. Motor vehicles, industries, aircrafts, and
areas of high population densities are identified as the main sources of emission [4].
M. R. Zoolfakar (B) · M. A. M. Din
Marine and Electrical Engineering Technology, Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering
Technology, Perak, Malaysia
e-mail: redzuan@unikl.edu.com
M. A. M. Din
e-mail: ammarkonyen@gmail.com
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
A. Ismail et al. (eds.), Advanced Engineering for Processes and Technologies II,
Advanced Structured Materials 147,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67307-9_16
167