14
M. Tiwari and N. Anand
2 Background
Since the collection of anthropometric data automatically through 3D whole-body
scanning technology is getting favored over traditional manual measurement method,
it becomes vital to establish the accuracy of the new technology-driven system
in comparison to the traditional manual system for establishing acceptability and
appropriateness of the data generated. It is important to understand how the scanner
extracted measurements are concurring with the measurements taken manually for
the same dimensions [1]. The validity and reliability assessment of 3D body scanner
is one critical area in order to establish the accuracy of the data collected. There
have been a number of researches conducted in this aspect of 3D scanning which is
further supported by ISO. Further, there have been recommended standard procedures
to establish 3D scanner performance in terms of reliability and accuracy, in different
ISO documents as well. ISO 20685:2005 guides on 3D scanning methodologies
for internationally compatible anthropometric databases [2] while ISO 20685:2015
discusses about the evaluation protocol of surface shape and repeatability of relative
landmark positions [3]. This study is aimed at establishing the validity and reliability
of 3D whole-body scanners to carry out an anthropometric survey.
3 Methodology
3.1 Procedure and Equipment
Sample. Fifty (50 in no.) subjects (25 males and 25 female subjects) of different
body shapes/body types were measured manually as well as using 3D whole-body
scanners.
Anthropometric measurements were manually collected through traditional
techniques by measurers. In total twelve (12) body dimensions comprising of
height, girth (small and big), body depths were shortlisted to be measured as part
of the study namely, Stature, Waist back height, Shoulder height, Inside leg-length,
Waist height, Across-shoulder width, Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Neck girth,
Thigh girth, and Chest. It was ensured that at least one dimension was included from
the ISO 20685:2005 prescribed measurement type [2]. It may be noted that dimensions related to head, hand and foot were not in the scope of this study, hence were
not included in the scanner validation exercise.
The manual body measurements were taken manually by the expert having experience of anthropometry. There were two (02) measurers to measure male and female
subjects. Each of the measurer measured every subject twice independently following
the standard definition and measurement procedure as prescribed in ISO 8559:1989.
The manual body measurements (lengthwise) were taken using an anthropometer
and the sliding stadiometer of length 210 cm and least count 1.0 mm. While for the
girth related measurements, a certified flexible non-stretchable steel tape (Length
M. Tiwari and N. Anand
2 Background
Since the collection of anthropometric data automatically through 3D whole-body
scanning technology is getting favored over traditional manual measurement method,
it becomes vital to establish the accuracy of the new technology-driven system
in comparison to the traditional manual system for establishing acceptability and
appropriateness of the data generated. It is important to understand how the scanner
extracted measurements are concurring with the measurements taken manually for
the same dimensions [1]. The validity and reliability assessment of 3D body scanner
is one critical area in order to establish the accuracy of the data collected. There
have been a number of researches conducted in this aspect of 3D scanning which is
further supported by ISO. Further, there have been recommended standard procedures
to establish 3D scanner performance in terms of reliability and accuracy, in different
ISO documents as well. ISO 20685:2005 guides on 3D scanning methodologies
for internationally compatible anthropometric databases [2] while ISO 20685:2015
discusses about the evaluation protocol of surface shape and repeatability of relative
landmark positions [3]. This study is aimed at establishing the validity and reliability
of 3D whole-body scanners to carry out an anthropometric survey.
3 Methodology
3.1 Procedure and Equipment
Sample. Fifty (50 in no.) subjects (25 males and 25 female subjects) of different
body shapes/body types were measured manually as well as using 3D whole-body
scanners.
Anthropometric measurements were manually collected through traditional
techniques by measurers. In total twelve (12) body dimensions comprising of
height, girth (small and big), body depths were shortlisted to be measured as part
of the study namely, Stature, Waist back height, Shoulder height, Inside leg-length,
Waist height, Across-shoulder width, Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Neck girth,
Thigh girth, and Chest. It was ensured that at least one dimension was included from
the ISO 20685:2005 prescribed measurement type [2]. It may be noted that dimensions related to head, hand and foot were not in the scope of this study, hence were
not included in the scanner validation exercise.
The manual body measurements were taken manually by the expert having experience of anthropometry. There were two (02) measurers to measure male and female
subjects. Each of the measurer measured every subject twice independently following
the standard definition and measurement procedure as prescribed in ISO 8559:1989.
The manual body measurements (lengthwise) were taken using an anthropometer
and the sliding stadiometer of length 210 cm and least count 1.0 mm. While for the
girth related measurements, a certified flexible non-stretchable steel tape (Length