Reuse of Cigarette Filters for Energy
Applications
Prakash Giri, Ashish Kakoria, Sahil Verma, and Sumit Sinha-Ray
1 Introduction
Cigarette smoke consists of elements and metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Fe, Hg, and Pb
[1, 2], and more than thousands of components are reported to be present in cigarette
smoke [3–5]. Some of the components, including Pb, Cd, and Cr, are considered to
be highly carcinogenic and are reported to be present beyond the acceptable limit
[6]. Presence of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), hydrogen cyanide
(HCN), formaldehyde, acrolein, acetaldehyde, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ),
sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and many aromatics amines like anilines, toluidines, ethylanilines, dimethylanilines, naphthylamines, and aminobiphenyls has been well reported
[7, 8]. Tobacco smoke components are influenced substantially by the nature and
concentration of compounds that constitutes its basic portions [8, 9]. Asthma and
cardiovascular diseases are very commonly reported among smokers [4, 10]. Chemical constituents of complex smoke aerosol have been studied to cause adverse biological activities including increased risk of pulmonary carcinoma [11, 12]. Cigarette
smoke condensate (CSC) from pyrolysis of tobacco proteins has been reported to
enhance mutagenicity, influenced by aldehydes and ketones present in the vapor
phase of cigarette smoke [11, 13, 14]. Patents and researches have reported the fibers
of polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, and so on, and absorbents like carbon and silica
to be effective materials for mainstream cigarette smoke filtration [15–17]. Cellulose
acetate fibers mixed with other materials have been extensively used in commercial
cigarettes.
P. Giri · A. Kakoria · S. Verma · S. Sinha-Ray (B)
School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi 175075, HP, India
e-mail: sumitsinha@iitmandi.ac.in
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
A. Majumdar et al. (eds.), Functional Textiles and Clothing 2020,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9376-5_12
161
Applications
Prakash Giri, Ashish Kakoria, Sahil Verma, and Sumit Sinha-Ray
1 Introduction
Cigarette smoke consists of elements and metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Fe, Hg, and Pb
[1, 2], and more than thousands of components are reported to be present in cigarette
smoke [3–5]. Some of the components, including Pb, Cd, and Cr, are considered to
be highly carcinogenic and are reported to be present beyond the acceptable limit
[6]. Presence of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), hydrogen cyanide
(HCN), formaldehyde, acrolein, acetaldehyde, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ),
sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and many aromatics amines like anilines, toluidines, ethylanilines, dimethylanilines, naphthylamines, and aminobiphenyls has been well reported
[7, 8]. Tobacco smoke components are influenced substantially by the nature and
concentration of compounds that constitutes its basic portions [8, 9]. Asthma and
cardiovascular diseases are very commonly reported among smokers [4, 10]. Chemical constituents of complex smoke aerosol have been studied to cause adverse biological activities including increased risk of pulmonary carcinoma [11, 12]. Cigarette
smoke condensate (CSC) from pyrolysis of tobacco proteins has been reported to
enhance mutagenicity, influenced by aldehydes and ketones present in the vapor
phase of cigarette smoke [11, 13, 14]. Patents and researches have reported the fibers
of polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, and so on, and absorbents like carbon and silica
to be effective materials for mainstream cigarette smoke filtration [15–17]. Cellulose
acetate fibers mixed with other materials have been extensively used in commercial
cigarettes.
P. Giri · A. Kakoria · S. Verma · S. Sinha-Ray (B)
School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi 175075, HP, India
e-mail: sumitsinha@iitmandi.ac.in
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
A. Majumdar et al. (eds.), Functional Textiles and Clothing 2020,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9376-5_12
161