100
A. K. Samanta et al.
finishing of cotton cellulose are not exactly applicable for similar chemical modification of jute products. Hence unlike cotton, any chemical processing of jute has to
be optimized/standardized separately.
Since the last decade, extensive research has been going on by using the new
eco-friendly chemical formulation for improving fire retardant (FR) property on
cellulosic and even on synthetics. However, the application of halogen-based fireretardant is being greatly limited due to the possible production of dioxin and halogen
gas emission with a large amount of smoke generation and corrosive gases evolution
during the combustion of the said halogen-based fire-retardant materials. Most of
the commercially available phosphorous-based fire retardant compounds are also
susceptible to toxicity problem due to formaldehyde release problem from THPC,
for example, Tetra-kis hydroxyl-methyl phosphonium chloride-based fire retardant
formulations. Some fire retardant agents are rejected for not being wash fast or
produce colors or for cost aspects.
Today, the application of fire protective jute textiles has widened in different fields
such as cover fabrics for the temporary structure, brattice cloth in mines and also other
decorative and furnishing applications such as car seat cover, curtains and furnishing
fabrics used in public places such as school, colleges, hospital and theatre/cinema
and conference halls besides as floor coverings, floor mats and carpets, etc. Different
fire retardant chemicals act in a different way by manipulating pyrolysis, prevention
of flammable gases, less or more char formation, controlling combustion, protecting
from heat/oxygen and fuel, etc. Recently, formaldehyde-free fire-retardant finishing
has been encouraged for environmental concern [12]. Synthesis of nano-ZnO and
use of nano ZnO powder for fire protective finish of jute fabrics by applying nanoZnO Powder admixed with poly-hydroxy amino siliconate binder have been studied
recently [13, 14]. However, to avoid toxic fire-retardant chemicals, extensive research
has been going on now to develop newer eco-friendly fire-retardant formulations,
which are to be semi-durable or durable as per end uses and must be cost-effective
also.
Sulfur-based fire retardants such as sulfamic acid and sulfamate compounds were
earlier used in long past for developing the fire retardancy of cotton, paper and
wood, but somehow these were dropped for lesser durability and perhaps for some
yellowing problem, which, however, can be improved now with latest advanced techniques and knowledge on the same. Sulfamates have been used for the synthesis of
many antibiotics, anti-cancer drugs, antiseptic drugs and weight loss drugs and other
medical uses, besides its possible newer revived application in fire-retardant finishing
of textiles. Ammonium sulfamate decomposes at elevated temperatures and releases
some non-combustible gases, such as NH 3 and H 2 O, etc., which reduces fire, besides
chemical reactions between jute-cellulose and ammonium sulfamate at appropriate
reaction-conditions. Some newer reports [15–21] on the use of ammonium sulfamate
(AS) combined with other agents have been cited to improve fire retardancy for PA6
(Nylon 6), polypropylene and cotton, etc., which encourages the present authors to
work on it for developing low cost and eco-friendly fire retardant recipe for jute
fabrics to achieve at least LOI-value of 32–35 or above.
A. K. Samanta et al.
finishing of cotton cellulose are not exactly applicable for similar chemical modification of jute products. Hence unlike cotton, any chemical processing of jute has to
be optimized/standardized separately.
Since the last decade, extensive research has been going on by using the new
eco-friendly chemical formulation for improving fire retardant (FR) property on
cellulosic and even on synthetics. However, the application of halogen-based fireretardant is being greatly limited due to the possible production of dioxin and halogen
gas emission with a large amount of smoke generation and corrosive gases evolution
during the combustion of the said halogen-based fire-retardant materials. Most of
the commercially available phosphorous-based fire retardant compounds are also
susceptible to toxicity problem due to formaldehyde release problem from THPC,
for example, Tetra-kis hydroxyl-methyl phosphonium chloride-based fire retardant
formulations. Some fire retardant agents are rejected for not being wash fast or
produce colors or for cost aspects.
Today, the application of fire protective jute textiles has widened in different fields
such as cover fabrics for the temporary structure, brattice cloth in mines and also other
decorative and furnishing applications such as car seat cover, curtains and furnishing
fabrics used in public places such as school, colleges, hospital and theatre/cinema
and conference halls besides as floor coverings, floor mats and carpets, etc. Different
fire retardant chemicals act in a different way by manipulating pyrolysis, prevention
of flammable gases, less or more char formation, controlling combustion, protecting
from heat/oxygen and fuel, etc. Recently, formaldehyde-free fire-retardant finishing
has been encouraged for environmental concern [12]. Synthesis of nano-ZnO and
use of nano ZnO powder for fire protective finish of jute fabrics by applying nanoZnO Powder admixed with poly-hydroxy amino siliconate binder have been studied
recently [13, 14]. However, to avoid toxic fire-retardant chemicals, extensive research
has been going on now to develop newer eco-friendly fire-retardant formulations,
which are to be semi-durable or durable as per end uses and must be cost-effective
also.
Sulfur-based fire retardants such as sulfamic acid and sulfamate compounds were
earlier used in long past for developing the fire retardancy of cotton, paper and
wood, but somehow these were dropped for lesser durability and perhaps for some
yellowing problem, which, however, can be improved now with latest advanced techniques and knowledge on the same. Sulfamates have been used for the synthesis of
many antibiotics, anti-cancer drugs, antiseptic drugs and weight loss drugs and other
medical uses, besides its possible newer revived application in fire-retardant finishing
of textiles. Ammonium sulfamate decomposes at elevated temperatures and releases
some non-combustible gases, such as NH 3 and H 2 O, etc., which reduces fire, besides
chemical reactions between jute-cellulose and ammonium sulfamate at appropriate
reaction-conditions. Some newer reports [15–21] on the use of ammonium sulfamate
(AS) combined with other agents have been cited to improve fire retardancy for PA6
(Nylon 6), polypropylene and cotton, etc., which encourages the present authors to
work on it for developing low cost and eco-friendly fire retardant recipe for jute
fabrics to achieve at least LOI-value of 32–35 or above.