used herbicide in sugarcane fields, which is degraded by DP8-1 strain to the level of
99% diuron within 3 days under optimal condition. This strain also degrades the
monuron, isoproturon, linuron, fenuron, metobromuron, chlorbromuron and
chlortoluron (Wang et al. 2018).
Organic Pollutants
Various industries such as textile and dye industries release effluent waste called
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that affect the environment and human health,
and these complex chemical compounds are named as xenobiotics which is removed
from the environment through microbial degradation (Ahmad et al. 2018).
1.8.2 Dyes
Rhizospheric microbes, especially bacteria can effectively degrade all the xenobiotics and industrial wastes (Khalid et al. 2008a, b). Along with bacteria, fungi are
also involved in the degradation of industrial effluents. Bacteria can degrade the dyes
by the process called biosorption through the release of enzymes to digest the
organic pollutants. Researchers identified that industrial effluent containing the dye
called azodyes is degraded by the bacteria via enzymatic degradation or biosorption
or combination of both (Wu et al. 2012). Bacteria are able to degrade the azodyes
with an enzyme azoreductase enzyme, which possess strong bonding properties
(Chen 2006). Several microbes are involved to digests the xenobiotic compounds,
and during these reactions, bacteria can produce hydroxylase and oxygenase
enzymes that act on the intermediate products, released during decolourization of
xenobiotics (Khalid et al. 2009). Many researchers studied that fungi, yeasts and
algae also involved in the digestion of industrial effluents (Olguı n 2003). During the
biodegradation, several factors (pH, temperature and salts) interfered in the degradation process (Prasad and Rao 2011).
The species of fungi, lignolytic mushroom Lenzites elegans WDP2 can decolorize the dyes viz. Brilliant green 93%, malachite green 21%, and Congo red 99%
reported by Pandey et al. (2018). Paper mill water wastes are biodegraded by
actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi (Hossain and Ismail 2015). Bacillus cereus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa are identified for degradation and decolourization of the
papermill wastes (Tiku et al. 2010). Pseudomonas putida and Acinetobacter
calcoaceticus are able to decolourize around 80% in the black liquor derived from
the kraft pulp and papermills (Abd El-Rahim and Zaki 2005). Microcystis spp.
removed 70% colour from the papermill effluents within 2 months (Sharma et al.
2014).
1 Rhizosphere: Niche for Microbial Rejuvenation and Biodegradation of Pollutants
13
99% diuron within 3 days under optimal condition. This strain also degrades the
monuron, isoproturon, linuron, fenuron, metobromuron, chlorbromuron and
chlortoluron (Wang et al. 2018).
Organic Pollutants
Various industries such as textile and dye industries release effluent waste called
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that affect the environment and human health,
and these complex chemical compounds are named as xenobiotics which is removed
from the environment through microbial degradation (Ahmad et al. 2018).
1.8.2 Dyes
Rhizospheric microbes, especially bacteria can effectively degrade all the xenobiotics and industrial wastes (Khalid et al. 2008a, b). Along with bacteria, fungi are
also involved in the degradation of industrial effluents. Bacteria can degrade the dyes
by the process called biosorption through the release of enzymes to digest the
organic pollutants. Researchers identified that industrial effluent containing the dye
called azodyes is degraded by the bacteria via enzymatic degradation or biosorption
or combination of both (Wu et al. 2012). Bacteria are able to degrade the azodyes
with an enzyme azoreductase enzyme, which possess strong bonding properties
(Chen 2006). Several microbes are involved to digests the xenobiotic compounds,
and during these reactions, bacteria can produce hydroxylase and oxygenase
enzymes that act on the intermediate products, released during decolourization of
xenobiotics (Khalid et al. 2009). Many researchers studied that fungi, yeasts and
algae also involved in the digestion of industrial effluents (Olguı n 2003). During the
biodegradation, several factors (pH, temperature and salts) interfered in the degradation process (Prasad and Rao 2011).
The species of fungi, lignolytic mushroom Lenzites elegans WDP2 can decolorize the dyes viz. Brilliant green 93%, malachite green 21%, and Congo red 99%
reported by Pandey et al. (2018). Paper mill water wastes are biodegraded by
actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi (Hossain and Ismail 2015). Bacillus cereus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa are identified for degradation and decolourization of the
papermill wastes (Tiku et al. 2010). Pseudomonas putida and Acinetobacter
calcoaceticus are able to decolourize around 80% in the black liquor derived from
the kraft pulp and papermills (Abd El-Rahim and Zaki 2005). Microcystis spp.
removed 70% colour from the papermill effluents within 2 months (Sharma et al.
2014).
1 Rhizosphere: Niche for Microbial Rejuvenation and Biodegradation of Pollutants
13