products. The microbes involved in bioremediation processes are encouraged, and
the purpose has been improved by the supply of continuous nutrients and other
chemicals which triggered the reaction at optimum conditions (Kumar et al. 2011).
This is a naturally occurring process which encourages the waste products into
carbon dioxide, water and other inorganic compounds that are safe for animals,
plants, human and aquatic living things (Jain and Bajpai 2012). The degradation of
pesticides through bioremediation is an important process to remove dangerous toxic
chemicals and reduce the environmental pollution. Bioremediation is more effective,
eco-friendly and versatile to remove the pesticide from the fertile lands (Finley et al.
2010).
Biostimulation
Biostimulation is the technique of enhanced bioremediation along with
bioaugmentation where specific native of non-native microorganisms are introduced
with an aim to enhance the biodegradation of target compound or serving as donors
of the catabolic genes. In enhanced bioremediation process, the microbial population
in the environment will be stimulated and modified by the addition of various
nutrients such as carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen in the form of organic substrates
(Nikolopoulou and Kalogerakis 2008).
Bio-Augmentation
Bio-augmentation is the process to degrade contamination by adding excess amount
of bacterial inoculum. The soil sediment contains lot of microbes which is adapted to
pollutants. Two percent bioremediated soil is used to facilitate biodegradation of
polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds (Lamberts et al. 2008).
Bioventing
It is one of the first in situ treatments applied to degrade the oil spills and petroleum
products. The gases and nutrients are applied through the small wells at very low
level air flow rates to minimize the volatilization of petroleum products and hydrocarbons. Bioventing method induces the aerobic biodegradation in the subsurface
bacteria leads to improve the subsurface bioremediation. Bioventing is the costeffective method to clear subsurface contaminants, and also highly effective in
colder and dried areas (Robinson et al. 2011).
Biosparging
In this method, the air is supplied under pressure to the groundwater table to increase
the groundwater oxygen concentrations and to improve the rate of biodegradation of
pollutants using bacteria (Adams and Ready 2003). Biosparging helps to increase the
mixing of saturated zone and thus increase the interaction between the groundwater
and soil. This method is very easy and low cost, requires small diameter injection
point to supply the air to the pollutant areas to reduce the petroleum components
mixed with the groundwater.
It is more effective to reduce petroleum products to the underground storage tank
sites (USEPA 2004). It is very similar to bioventing for the remediation of soils from
heavy metals.
10
M. Gomathy et al.
the purpose has been improved by the supply of continuous nutrients and other
chemicals which triggered the reaction at optimum conditions (Kumar et al. 2011).
This is a naturally occurring process which encourages the waste products into
carbon dioxide, water and other inorganic compounds that are safe for animals,
plants, human and aquatic living things (Jain and Bajpai 2012). The degradation of
pesticides through bioremediation is an important process to remove dangerous toxic
chemicals and reduce the environmental pollution. Bioremediation is more effective,
eco-friendly and versatile to remove the pesticide from the fertile lands (Finley et al.
2010).
Biostimulation
Biostimulation is the technique of enhanced bioremediation along with
bioaugmentation where specific native of non-native microorganisms are introduced
with an aim to enhance the biodegradation of target compound or serving as donors
of the catabolic genes. In enhanced bioremediation process, the microbial population
in the environment will be stimulated and modified by the addition of various
nutrients such as carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen in the form of organic substrates
(Nikolopoulou and Kalogerakis 2008).
Bio-Augmentation
Bio-augmentation is the process to degrade contamination by adding excess amount
of bacterial inoculum. The soil sediment contains lot of microbes which is adapted to
pollutants. Two percent bioremediated soil is used to facilitate biodegradation of
polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds (Lamberts et al. 2008).
Bioventing
It is one of the first in situ treatments applied to degrade the oil spills and petroleum
products. The gases and nutrients are applied through the small wells at very low
level air flow rates to minimize the volatilization of petroleum products and hydrocarbons. Bioventing method induces the aerobic biodegradation in the subsurface
bacteria leads to improve the subsurface bioremediation. Bioventing is the costeffective method to clear subsurface contaminants, and also highly effective in
colder and dried areas (Robinson et al. 2011).
Biosparging
In this method, the air is supplied under pressure to the groundwater table to increase
the groundwater oxygen concentrations and to improve the rate of biodegradation of
pollutants using bacteria (Adams and Ready 2003). Biosparging helps to increase the
mixing of saturated zone and thus increase the interaction between the groundwater
and soil. This method is very easy and low cost, requires small diameter injection
point to supply the air to the pollutant areas to reduce the petroleum components
mixed with the groundwater.
It is more effective to reduce petroleum products to the underground storage tank
sites (USEPA 2004). It is very similar to bioventing for the remediation of soils from
heavy metals.
10
M. Gomathy et al.