Chapter 7
Strategies to Improve Remediation
Technology Using Fungi
Darshan M. Rudakiya, Yogesh Patel, and Urvish Chhaya
Contents
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.2 Fungal Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.2.1 Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.2.2 Exopolysaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.2.3 Organic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.2.4 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.2.5 Other Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
7.3 Remediation of Hazardous Toxicants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
7.4 Strategies to Improve Bioremediation Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Abstract Fungi have competence to degrade hazardous contaminants by excreting
the enzymes and other metabolites which decrease the risk associated with the
toxicants and heavy metals. Furthermore, they have capability to form the mycelial
networks which influence the remediation process. In fungal kingdom, ascomycetes,
basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes, and zygomycetes are the major fungi which are
mainly involved in the remediation process. These fungi can degrade wide array of
hazardous contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, nitroaromatics, endocrine
disrupting chemicals, antibiotics, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This chapter also describes different strategies like utilization of multi-omics tools, screening
the fungal isolates, genetic modification, and development of consortia for multiple
D. M. Rudakiya (*)
Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute,
Anand, Gujarat, India
Y. Patel
College of Basic Science and Humanities, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural
University, Gujarat, India
U. Chhaya
Department of Microbiology, N. V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Anand,
Gujarat, India
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
D. G. Panpatte, Y. K. Jhala (eds.), Microbial Rejuvenation of Polluted Environment,
Microorganisms for Sustainability 25, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7447-4_7
185
Strategies to Improve Remediation
Technology Using Fungi
Darshan M. Rudakiya, Yogesh Patel, and Urvish Chhaya
Contents
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.2 Fungal Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.2.1 Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.2.2 Exopolysaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.2.3 Organic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.2.4 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.2.5 Other Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
7.3 Remediation of Hazardous Toxicants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
7.4 Strategies to Improve Bioremediation Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Abstract Fungi have competence to degrade hazardous contaminants by excreting
the enzymes and other metabolites which decrease the risk associated with the
toxicants and heavy metals. Furthermore, they have capability to form the mycelial
networks which influence the remediation process. In fungal kingdom, ascomycetes,
basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes, and zygomycetes are the major fungi which are
mainly involved in the remediation process. These fungi can degrade wide array of
hazardous contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, nitroaromatics, endocrine
disrupting chemicals, antibiotics, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This chapter also describes different strategies like utilization of multi-omics tools, screening
the fungal isolates, genetic modification, and development of consortia for multiple
D. M. Rudakiya (*)
Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute,
Anand, Gujarat, India
Y. Patel
College of Basic Science and Humanities, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural
University, Gujarat, India
U. Chhaya
Department of Microbiology, N. V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Anand,
Gujarat, India
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
D. G. Panpatte, Y. K. Jhala (eds.), Microbial Rejuvenation of Polluted Environment,
Microorganisms for Sustainability 25, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7447-4_7
185