are members of a new family of hydrolases. Microbiology 143(8):2605–2614. https://doi.org/10.1099/
00221287-143-8-2605
Dashtban M, Schraft H, Qin W (2009) Fungal bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues; opportunities &
perspectives. Int J Biol Sci 5(6):578–595. https://
doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.5.578
Davies DR, Theodorou MK, Lawrence MI, Trinci AP
(1993) Distribution of anaerobic fungi in the
digestive tract of cattle and their survival in faeces.
J General Microbiol 139:1395–1400. https://doi.
org/10.1099/00221287-139-6-1395
den Haan R, van Rensburg E, Rose SH, Go ¨rgens JF, van
Zyl WH (2015) Progress and challenges in the
engineering of non-cellulolytic microorganisms
for consolidated bioprocessing. Curr Opin Biotechnol 33:32–38.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.10.003
Dey A, Sehgal JP, Puniya AK, Singh K (2004) Influence
of an anaerobic fungal culture (Orpinomyces sp.)
administration on growth rate, ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in calves. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 17(6):820–824. https://doi.org/
10.5713/ajas.2004.820
Dollhofer V, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Lebuhn M,
Bauer J (2017) Presence and transcriptional activity of anaerobic fungi in agricultural biogas plants.
Bioresour Technol 235:131–139. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.116
Dollhofer V, Dandikas V, Dorn-In S, Bauer C, Lebuhn
M, Bauer J (2018) Accelerated biogas production
from lignocellulosic biomass after pre-treatment
with Neocallimastix frontalis. Bioresour Technol
264:219–227.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.068
Durand R, Rascle C, Fischer M, Fe `vre M (1997) Transient expression of the b-glucuronidase gene after
biolistic transformation of the anaerobic fungus
Neocallimastix frontalis. Curr Genet 31(2):158–
161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002940050190
Durand R, Rascle C, Fe `vre M (1999) Expression of a
catalytic domain of a Neocallimastix frontalis
endoxylanase gene (xyn3) in Kluyveromyces lactis
and Penicillium roqueforti. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52(2):208–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s002530051510
Eberhardt RY, Gilbert HJ, Hazlewood GP (2000) Primary sequence and enzymic properties of two
modular endoglucanases, Cel5A and Cel45A,
from the anaerobic fungus Piromyces equi. Microbiology 146(8):1999–2008. https://doi.org/10.1099/
00221287-146-8-1999
Emerling CA, Delsuc F, Nachman MW (2018) Chitinase
genes (CHIAs) provide genomic footprints of a
post-Cretaceous dietary radiation in placental
mammals. Sci Adv 4(5):eaar6478. https://doi.org/
10.1126/sciadv.aar6478
Ferraro A, Dottorini G, Massini G, Mazzurco Miritana
V, Signorini A, Lembo G, Fabbricino M (2018)
Combined bioaugmentation with anaerobic ruminal fungi and fermentative bacteria to enhance
biogas production from wheat straw and mushroom spent straw. Bioresour Technol 260:364–
373..
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.128
Filya I (2004) Nutritive value and aerobic stability of
whole crop maize silage harvested at four stages of
maturity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 116(1/2):141–
150.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.06.003
Gilmore SP, Henske JK, O’Malley MA (2015) Driving
biomass breakdown through engineered cellulosomes. Bioengineered 6(4):204–208. https://doi.
org/10.1080/21655979.2015.1060379
Gordon GL, Phillips MW (1998) The role of anaerobic
gut fungi in ruminants. Nutr Res Rev 11(1):133–
168. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR19980009
Griffith GW, Ozkose E, Theodorou MK, Davies DR
(2009) Diversity of anaerobic fungal populations
in cattle revealed by selective enrichment culture
using different carbon sources. Fungal Ecol 2
(2):87–97.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
funeco.2009.01.005
Griffith GW, Baker S, Fliegerova ´ K, Liggenstoffer A, van
der Giezen M, Voigt K, Beakes G (2010) Anaerobic
fungi: Neocallimastigomycota. IMA Fungus 1
(2):181–185.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pubmed/22679578
Grigoriev IV, Cullen D, Goodwin SB, Hibbett D, Jeffries
TW, Kubicek CP, Kuske C, Magnuson JK, Martin
F, Spatafora JW, Tsang A, Baker SE (2011) Fueling
the future with fungal genomics. Mycology 2
(3):192–209.
https://doi.org/10.1080/
21501203.2011.584577
Grigoriev IV, Nikitin R, Haridas S, Kuo A, Ohm R,
Otillar R, Riley R, Salamov A, Zhao X, Korzeniewski F, Smirnova T, Nordberg H, Dubchak I,
Shabalov I (2014) MycoCosm portal: gearing up
for 1000 fungal genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 42
(D1):D699–D704.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/
gkt1183
Gruninger RJ, Puniya AK, Callaghan TM, Edwards JE,
Youssef N, Dagar SS, Fliegerova K, Griffith GW,
Forster R, Tsang A, McAllister T, Elshahed MS
(2014) Anaerobic fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota): advances in understanding their taxonomy, life cycle, ecology, role and biotechnological
potential. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 90(1):1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12383
Gruninger RJ, Cote C, McAllister TA, Abbott DW
(2016) Contributions of a unique b-clamp to substrate recognition illuminates the molecular basis
of exolysis in ferulic acid esterases. Biochem J 473
(7):839–849. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20151153
Hackstein JHP, Baker SE, van Hellemond JJ, Tielens
AGM (2019) Hydrogenosomes of anaerobic fungi:
an alternative way to adapt to anaerobic environments. In: Tachezy J (ed) Hydrogenosomes and
17 The Biotechnological Potential of Anaerobic Gut Fungi
431
00221287-143-8-2605
Dashtban M, Schraft H, Qin W (2009) Fungal bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues; opportunities &
perspectives. Int J Biol Sci 5(6):578–595. https://
doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.5.578
Davies DR, Theodorou MK, Lawrence MI, Trinci AP
(1993) Distribution of anaerobic fungi in the
digestive tract of cattle and their survival in faeces.
J General Microbiol 139:1395–1400. https://doi.
org/10.1099/00221287-139-6-1395
den Haan R, van Rensburg E, Rose SH, Go ¨rgens JF, van
Zyl WH (2015) Progress and challenges in the
engineering of non-cellulolytic microorganisms
for consolidated bioprocessing. Curr Opin Biotechnol 33:32–38.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.10.003
Dey A, Sehgal JP, Puniya AK, Singh K (2004) Influence
of an anaerobic fungal culture (Orpinomyces sp.)
administration on growth rate, ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in calves. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 17(6):820–824. https://doi.org/
10.5713/ajas.2004.820
Dollhofer V, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Lebuhn M,
Bauer J (2017) Presence and transcriptional activity of anaerobic fungi in agricultural biogas plants.
Bioresour Technol 235:131–139. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.116
Dollhofer V, Dandikas V, Dorn-In S, Bauer C, Lebuhn
M, Bauer J (2018) Accelerated biogas production
from lignocellulosic biomass after pre-treatment
with Neocallimastix frontalis. Bioresour Technol
264:219–227.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.068
Durand R, Rascle C, Fischer M, Fe `vre M (1997) Transient expression of the b-glucuronidase gene after
biolistic transformation of the anaerobic fungus
Neocallimastix frontalis. Curr Genet 31(2):158–
161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002940050190
Durand R, Rascle C, Fe `vre M (1999) Expression of a
catalytic domain of a Neocallimastix frontalis
endoxylanase gene (xyn3) in Kluyveromyces lactis
and Penicillium roqueforti. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52(2):208–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s002530051510
Eberhardt RY, Gilbert HJ, Hazlewood GP (2000) Primary sequence and enzymic properties of two
modular endoglucanases, Cel5A and Cel45A,
from the anaerobic fungus Piromyces equi. Microbiology 146(8):1999–2008. https://doi.org/10.1099/
00221287-146-8-1999
Emerling CA, Delsuc F, Nachman MW (2018) Chitinase
genes (CHIAs) provide genomic footprints of a
post-Cretaceous dietary radiation in placental
mammals. Sci Adv 4(5):eaar6478. https://doi.org/
10.1126/sciadv.aar6478
Ferraro A, Dottorini G, Massini G, Mazzurco Miritana
V, Signorini A, Lembo G, Fabbricino M (2018)
Combined bioaugmentation with anaerobic ruminal fungi and fermentative bacteria to enhance
biogas production from wheat straw and mushroom spent straw. Bioresour Technol 260:364–
373..
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.128
Filya I (2004) Nutritive value and aerobic stability of
whole crop maize silage harvested at four stages of
maturity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 116(1/2):141–
150.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.06.003
Gilmore SP, Henske JK, O’Malley MA (2015) Driving
biomass breakdown through engineered cellulosomes. Bioengineered 6(4):204–208. https://doi.
org/10.1080/21655979.2015.1060379
Gordon GL, Phillips MW (1998) The role of anaerobic
gut fungi in ruminants. Nutr Res Rev 11(1):133–
168. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR19980009
Griffith GW, Ozkose E, Theodorou MK, Davies DR
(2009) Diversity of anaerobic fungal populations
in cattle revealed by selective enrichment culture
using different carbon sources. Fungal Ecol 2
(2):87–97.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
funeco.2009.01.005
Griffith GW, Baker S, Fliegerova ´ K, Liggenstoffer A, van
der Giezen M, Voigt K, Beakes G (2010) Anaerobic
fungi: Neocallimastigomycota. IMA Fungus 1
(2):181–185.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pubmed/22679578
Grigoriev IV, Cullen D, Goodwin SB, Hibbett D, Jeffries
TW, Kubicek CP, Kuske C, Magnuson JK, Martin
F, Spatafora JW, Tsang A, Baker SE (2011) Fueling
the future with fungal genomics. Mycology 2
(3):192–209.
https://doi.org/10.1080/
21501203.2011.584577
Grigoriev IV, Nikitin R, Haridas S, Kuo A, Ohm R,
Otillar R, Riley R, Salamov A, Zhao X, Korzeniewski F, Smirnova T, Nordberg H, Dubchak I,
Shabalov I (2014) MycoCosm portal: gearing up
for 1000 fungal genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 42
(D1):D699–D704.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/
gkt1183
Gruninger RJ, Puniya AK, Callaghan TM, Edwards JE,
Youssef N, Dagar SS, Fliegerova K, Griffith GW,
Forster R, Tsang A, McAllister T, Elshahed MS
(2014) Anaerobic fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota): advances in understanding their taxonomy, life cycle, ecology, role and biotechnological
potential. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 90(1):1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12383
Gruninger RJ, Cote C, McAllister TA, Abbott DW
(2016) Contributions of a unique b-clamp to substrate recognition illuminates the molecular basis
of exolysis in ferulic acid esterases. Biochem J 473
(7):839–849. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20151153
Hackstein JHP, Baker SE, van Hellemond JJ, Tielens
AGM (2019) Hydrogenosomes of anaerobic fungi:
an alternative way to adapt to anaerobic environments. In: Tachezy J (ed) Hydrogenosomes and
17 The Biotechnological Potential of Anaerobic Gut Fungi
431