Pickford AS, Cogoni C (2003) RNA-mediated gene
silencing. Cell Mol Life Sci 60:871–882
Pidoux AL, Allshire RC (2005) The role of heterochromatin in centromere function. Philos Trans R Soc
Lond Ser B Biol Sci 360:569–579
Raju NB, Metzenberg RL, Shiu PK (2007) Neurospora
spore killers Sk-2 and Sk-3 suppress meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA. Genetics 176:43–52
Ramakrishnan M, Naga Sowjanya T, Raj KB, Kasbekar
DP (2011) Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA is
expressed more strongly in the early than the late
perithecia of crosses involving most wild-isolated
Neurospora crassa strains and in self-crosses of N.
tetrasperma. Fungal Genet Biol 48:1146–1152
Rayner S, Bruhn S, Vallhov H, Andersson A, Billmyre
RB, Scheynius A (2017) Identification of small
RNAs in extracellular vesicles from the commensal
yeast Malassezia sympodialis. Sci Rep 7:39742
Romano N, Macino G (1992) Quelling: transient inactivation of gene expression in Neurospora crassa by
transformation with homologous sequences. Mol
Microbiol 6:3343–3353
Roy B, Sanyal K (2011) Diversity in requirement of
genetic and epigenetic factors for centromere
function in fungi. Eukaryot Cell 10:1384–1395
Samarajeewa DA, Sauls PA, Sharp KJ, Smith ZJ, Xiao H,
Groskreutz KM, Malone TL, Boone EC, Edwards
KA, Shiu PKT et al (2014) Efficient detection of
unpaired DNA requires a member of the rad54like family of homologous recombination proteins. Genetics 198:895–904
Segers GC, Zhang X, Deng F, Sun Q, Nuss DL (2007)
Evidence that RNA silencing functions as an antiviral defense mechanism in fungi. Proc Natl Acad
Sci 104:12902–12906
Shao J, Chen H, Yang D, Jiang M, Zhang H, Wu B, Li J,
Yuan L, Liu C (2017) Genome-wide identification
and characterization of natural antisense transcripts by strand-specific RNA sequencing in
Ganoderma lucidum. Sci Rep 7:5711
Shiu PKT, Metzenberg RL (2002) Meiotic silencing by
unpaired DNA: properties, regulation and suppression. Genetics 161:1483–1495
Shiu PKT, Raju NB, Zickler D, Metzenberg RL (2001)
Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA. Cell
107:905–916
Slepecky RA, Starmer WT (2009) Phenotypic plasticity
in fungi: a review with observations on Aureobasidium pullulans. Mycologia 101:823–832
Smits P, Smeitink JAM, van den Heuvel LP, Huynen
MA, Ettema TJG (2007) Reconstructing the evolution of the mitochondrial ribosomal proteome.
Nucleic Acids Res 35:4686–4703
Son H, Min K, Lee J, Raju NB, Lee YW (2011) Meiotic
silencing in the homothallic fungus Gibberella
zeae. Fungal Biol 115:1290–1302
Son H, Park AR, Lim JY, Shin C, Lee YW (2017)
Genome-wide exonic small interference RNAmediated gene silencing regulates sexual reproduction in the homothallic fungus Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Genet 13:e1006595
Stefani G, Slack FJ (2008) Small non-coding RNAs in
animal development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol
9:219–230
Sun Q, Choi GH, Nuss DL (2009) A single Argonaute
gene is required for induction of RNA silencing
antiviral defense and promotes viral RNA recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:17927–17932
Tinoco MLP, Dias BBA, Dall’Astta RC, Pamphile JA,
Araga ˜o FJL (2010) In vivo trans-specific gene
silencing in fungal cells by in planta expression
of a double-stranded RNA. BMC Biol 8:27
Torres-Martı ´nez S, Ruiz-Va ´zquez RM (2017) The RNAi
universe in fungi: a varied landscape of small rnas
and biological functions. Annu Rev Microbiol
71:371–391
Trieu TA, Calo S, Nicola ´s FE, Vila A, Moxon S, Dalmay
T, Torres-Martı ´nez S, Garre V, Ruiz-Va ´zquez RM
(2015) A non-canonical rna silencing pathway
promotes mRNA degradation in basal fungi.
PLoS Genet 11:1005168
Trieu TA, Navarro-Mendoza MI, Pe ´rez-Arques C, Sanchis M, Capilla J, Navarro-Rodriguez P, LopezFernandez L, Torres-Martı ´nez S, Garre V, RuizVa ´zquez RM et al (2017) RNAi-based functional
genomics identifies new virulence determinants in
mucormycosis. PLoS Pathog 13:e1006150
Tucker JF, Ohle C, Schermann G, Bendrin K, Zhang
W, Fischer T, Zhang K (2016) A novel epigenetic
silencing pathway involving the highly conserved 5
0 -3
0 exoribonuclease Dhp1/Rat1/Xrn2 in
Schizosaccharomyces pombe. PLoS Genet 12:
e1005873
Turner BC, Perkins DD (1979) Spore killer, a chromosomal factor in neurospora that kills meiotic
products not containing it. Genetics 93:587–606
Ugolini I, Halic M (2018) Fidelity in RNA-based recognition of transposable elements. Philos Trans R
Soc B Biol Sci 373:20180168
Vader G, Blitzblau HG, Tame MA, Falk JE, Curtin L,
Hochwagen A (2011) Protection of repetitive DNA
borders from self-induced meiotic instability.
Nature 477:115–121
Villalobos-Escobedo JM, Herrera-Estrella A, CarrerasVillasen ˜or N (2016) The interaction of fungi with
the environment orchestrated by RNAi. Mycologia
108:556–571
Volpe T, Martienssen RA (2011) RNA interference and
heterochromatin assembly. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3:a003731
Wang X, Hsueh Y-P, Li W, Floyd A, Skalsky R, Heitman
J (2010) Sex-induced silencing defends the genome
of Cryptococcus neoformans via RNAi. Genes Dev
24:2566–2582
Wang X, Wang P, Sun S, Darwiche S, Idnurm A, Heitman J (2012) Transgene induced co-suppression
during vegetative growth in Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Genet 8:e1002885
5 Small RNAs in Fungi
121
silencing. Cell Mol Life Sci 60:871–882
Pidoux AL, Allshire RC (2005) The role of heterochromatin in centromere function. Philos Trans R Soc
Lond Ser B Biol Sci 360:569–579
Raju NB, Metzenberg RL, Shiu PK (2007) Neurospora
spore killers Sk-2 and Sk-3 suppress meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA. Genetics 176:43–52
Ramakrishnan M, Naga Sowjanya T, Raj KB, Kasbekar
DP (2011) Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA is
expressed more strongly in the early than the late
perithecia of crosses involving most wild-isolated
Neurospora crassa strains and in self-crosses of N.
tetrasperma. Fungal Genet Biol 48:1146–1152
Rayner S, Bruhn S, Vallhov H, Andersson A, Billmyre
RB, Scheynius A (2017) Identification of small
RNAs in extracellular vesicles from the commensal
yeast Malassezia sympodialis. Sci Rep 7:39742
Romano N, Macino G (1992) Quelling: transient inactivation of gene expression in Neurospora crassa by
transformation with homologous sequences. Mol
Microbiol 6:3343–3353
Roy B, Sanyal K (2011) Diversity in requirement of
genetic and epigenetic factors for centromere
function in fungi. Eukaryot Cell 10:1384–1395
Samarajeewa DA, Sauls PA, Sharp KJ, Smith ZJ, Xiao H,
Groskreutz KM, Malone TL, Boone EC, Edwards
KA, Shiu PKT et al (2014) Efficient detection of
unpaired DNA requires a member of the rad54like family of homologous recombination proteins. Genetics 198:895–904
Segers GC, Zhang X, Deng F, Sun Q, Nuss DL (2007)
Evidence that RNA silencing functions as an antiviral defense mechanism in fungi. Proc Natl Acad
Sci 104:12902–12906
Shao J, Chen H, Yang D, Jiang M, Zhang H, Wu B, Li J,
Yuan L, Liu C (2017) Genome-wide identification
and characterization of natural antisense transcripts by strand-specific RNA sequencing in
Ganoderma lucidum. Sci Rep 7:5711
Shiu PKT, Metzenberg RL (2002) Meiotic silencing by
unpaired DNA: properties, regulation and suppression. Genetics 161:1483–1495
Shiu PKT, Raju NB, Zickler D, Metzenberg RL (2001)
Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA. Cell
107:905–916
Slepecky RA, Starmer WT (2009) Phenotypic plasticity
in fungi: a review with observations on Aureobasidium pullulans. Mycologia 101:823–832
Smits P, Smeitink JAM, van den Heuvel LP, Huynen
MA, Ettema TJG (2007) Reconstructing the evolution of the mitochondrial ribosomal proteome.
Nucleic Acids Res 35:4686–4703
Son H, Min K, Lee J, Raju NB, Lee YW (2011) Meiotic
silencing in the homothallic fungus Gibberella
zeae. Fungal Biol 115:1290–1302
Son H, Park AR, Lim JY, Shin C, Lee YW (2017)
Genome-wide exonic small interference RNAmediated gene silencing regulates sexual reproduction in the homothallic fungus Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Genet 13:e1006595
Stefani G, Slack FJ (2008) Small non-coding RNAs in
animal development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol
9:219–230
Sun Q, Choi GH, Nuss DL (2009) A single Argonaute
gene is required for induction of RNA silencing
antiviral defense and promotes viral RNA recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:17927–17932
Tinoco MLP, Dias BBA, Dall’Astta RC, Pamphile JA,
Araga ˜o FJL (2010) In vivo trans-specific gene
silencing in fungal cells by in planta expression
of a double-stranded RNA. BMC Biol 8:27
Torres-Martı ´nez S, Ruiz-Va ´zquez RM (2017) The RNAi
universe in fungi: a varied landscape of small rnas
and biological functions. Annu Rev Microbiol
71:371–391
Trieu TA, Calo S, Nicola ´s FE, Vila A, Moxon S, Dalmay
T, Torres-Martı ´nez S, Garre V, Ruiz-Va ´zquez RM
(2015) A non-canonical rna silencing pathway
promotes mRNA degradation in basal fungi.
PLoS Genet 11:1005168
Trieu TA, Navarro-Mendoza MI, Pe ´rez-Arques C, Sanchis M, Capilla J, Navarro-Rodriguez P, LopezFernandez L, Torres-Martı ´nez S, Garre V, RuizVa ´zquez RM et al (2017) RNAi-based functional
genomics identifies new virulence determinants in
mucormycosis. PLoS Pathog 13:e1006150
Tucker JF, Ohle C, Schermann G, Bendrin K, Zhang
W, Fischer T, Zhang K (2016) A novel epigenetic
silencing pathway involving the highly conserved 5
0 -3
0 exoribonuclease Dhp1/Rat1/Xrn2 in
Schizosaccharomyces pombe. PLoS Genet 12:
e1005873
Turner BC, Perkins DD (1979) Spore killer, a chromosomal factor in neurospora that kills meiotic
products not containing it. Genetics 93:587–606
Ugolini I, Halic M (2018) Fidelity in RNA-based recognition of transposable elements. Philos Trans R
Soc B Biol Sci 373:20180168
Vader G, Blitzblau HG, Tame MA, Falk JE, Curtin L,
Hochwagen A (2011) Protection of repetitive DNA
borders from self-induced meiotic instability.
Nature 477:115–121
Villalobos-Escobedo JM, Herrera-Estrella A, CarrerasVillasen ˜or N (2016) The interaction of fungi with
the environment orchestrated by RNAi. Mycologia
108:556–571
Volpe T, Martienssen RA (2011) RNA interference and
heterochromatin assembly. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3:a003731
Wang X, Hsueh Y-P, Li W, Floyd A, Skalsky R, Heitman
J (2010) Sex-induced silencing defends the genome
of Cryptococcus neoformans via RNAi. Genes Dev
24:2566–2582
Wang X, Wang P, Sun S, Darwiche S, Idnurm A, Heitman J (2012) Transgene induced co-suppression
during vegetative growth in Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Genet 8:e1002885
5 Small RNAs in Fungi
121