Contents
1 Introduction to Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1
Metrology in General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2
Specificity of Chemical Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.2.1
Calibration of a Measuring Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.3
Metrological Requirements in Chemical Measurements . . . . . . 11
2 Metrological Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1
A Short History of the Development of International
Metrology Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2
The Development of Modern Metrology and International
Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3
Metre Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4
International Metrological Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.1
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
(BIPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.2
The International Organization of Legal Metrology
(OIML) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.3
Regional Metrological Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.4
The National Metrological Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.5
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 System of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1
The Value of Defined Quantity Is the Quantity Expressed
as the Product of Number and Unit of Measurement . . . . . . . . 23
3.2
Conventions for Writing Unit Symbols and Their Names . . . . 29
3.3
Editorial Requirements with Regard to Writing SI Units . . . . . 30
3.4
Writing the Unit Symbol of Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5
Quantities, Units of Measurement and Related Concepts . . . . . 31
3.6
Fundamental Physical Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
vii
1 Introduction to Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1
Metrology in General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2
Specificity of Chemical Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.2.1
Calibration of a Measuring Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.3
Metrological Requirements in Chemical Measurements . . . . . . 11
2 Metrological Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1
A Short History of the Development of International
Metrology Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2
The Development of Modern Metrology and International
Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3
Metre Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4
International Metrological Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.1
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
(BIPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.2
The International Organization of Legal Metrology
(OIML) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.3
Regional Metrological Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.4
The National Metrological Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.5
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 System of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1
The Value of Defined Quantity Is the Quantity Expressed
as the Product of Number and Unit of Measurement . . . . . . . . 23
3.2
Conventions for Writing Unit Symbols and Their Names . . . . 29
3.3
Editorial Requirements with Regard to Writing SI Units . . . . . 30
3.4
Writing the Unit Symbol of Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5
Quantities, Units of Measurement and Related Concepts . . . . . 31
3.6
Fundamental Physical Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
vii