13. Ha JW, Purnima T, Ruberu A et al (2014) Super-resolution mapping of photogenerated electron
and hole separation in single metalÀsemiconductor manocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc
136:1398–1408
14. Tachikawa T, Yamashita S, Majima T (2010) Probing photocatalytic active sites on a single
titanosilicate zeolite with a redox-responsive fluorescent dye. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:432–435
15. Naito KT, Tachikawa T, Fujitsuka M et al (2009) Single-molecule observation of photocatalytic
reaction in TiO 2 nanotube: importance of molecular transport through porous structures. J Am
Chem Soc 131:934–936
16. Szczepankiewicz SH, Colussi AJ, Hoffmann MR et al (2000) Infrared spectra of photoinduced
species on hydroxylated titania surfaces. J Phys Chem B 104:9842–9850
17. Nakamura R, Imanishi A, Murakoshi K et al (2003) In situ FTIR studies of primary intermediates of photocatalytic reactions on nanocrystalline TiO 2 films in contact with aqueous
solutions. J Am Chem Soc 125:7443–7450
18. Sato S, Ueda K, Kawasaki Y et al (2002) In situ IR observation of surface species during the
photocatalytic decomposition of acetic acid over TiO 2 films. J Phys Chem B 106:9054–9058
19. Nakamura R, Nakato Y (2004) Primary intermediates of oxygen photoevolution reaction on
TiO 2 (rutile) particles, revealed by in situ FTIR absorption and photoluminescence measurements. J Am Chem Soc 126:1290–1298
20. Sivasankar N, Weare WW, Frei H (2011) Direct observation of a hydroperoxide surface
intermediate upon visible light-driven water oxidation at an Ir oxide nanocluster catalyst by
rapid-scan FT-IR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 133:12976–12979
21. Zhang M, Respinis MD, Frei H (2014) Time-resolved observations of water oxidation intermediates on a cobalt oxide nanoparticle catalyst. Nat Chem 6:362–367
22. Zandi O, Hamann TW (2016) Determination of photoelectrochemical water oxidation intermediates on haematite electrode surfaces using operando infrared spectroscopy. Nat Chem
8:778–783
23. Krishnan RS, Shankar RK (1981) Raman effect: history of the discovery. J Raman Spectrosc
10:1–8
24. McCreery RL (2000) Raman spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Wiley, New York
25. Nie SM, Emory SR (1997) Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surfaceenhanced Raman scattering. Science 275:1102–1106
26. Huang Y, Zhang M, Zhao L et al (2014) Activation of oxygen on gold and silver nanoparticles
assisted by surface plasmon resonances. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:2353–2357
27. Yan YF, Wang LZ, Tan XJ et al (2016) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy assisted by
radical capturer for tracking of plasmon-driven redox reaction. Sci Rep 6:30193
28. Wang J, Ando RA, Camargo PHC (2015) Controlling the selectivity of the surface plasmon
resonance mediated oxidation of p-aminothiophenol on Au nanoparticles by charge transfer
from UV-excited TiO 2 . Angew Chem Int Ed 54:6909–6912
29. Qi D, Yan X, Wang L et al (2015) Plasmon-free SERS self-monitoring of catalysis reaction on
Au nanoclusters/TiO 2 photonic microarray. Chem Commun 51:8813–8816
30. Tan X, Wang L, Cheng C et al (2016) Plasmonic MoO 3-x @MoO 3 nanosheets for highly
sensitive SERS detection through nanoshell-isolated electromagnetic enhancement. Chem
Commun 52:2893–2896
31. Alessandri I (2013) Enhancing Raman scattering without plasmons: unprecedented sensitivity
achieved by TiO 2 Shell-based resonators. J Am Chem Soc 135:5541–5544
32. Qi D, Lu L, Wang L et al (2014) Improved SERS sensitivity on plasmon-free TiO 2 photonic
microarray by enhancing light-matter coupling. J Am Chem Soc 136:9886–9889
33. Xing YL, Yan R, Lo S et al (2014) Alumina-coated Ag nanocrystal monolayers as surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy platforms for the direct spectroscopic detection of water splitting
reaction intermediates. Nano Res 7:132–143
34. Yan XF, Xu Y, Tian BZ et al (2017) Operando SERS self-monitoring photocatalytic oxidation
of aminophenol on TiO 2 semiconductor. Appl Catal B: Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apcatb.2017.10.009
44
2 In Situ Characterization of Photocatalytic Activity
and hole separation in single metalÀsemiconductor manocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc
136:1398–1408
14. Tachikawa T, Yamashita S, Majima T (2010) Probing photocatalytic active sites on a single
titanosilicate zeolite with a redox-responsive fluorescent dye. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:432–435
15. Naito KT, Tachikawa T, Fujitsuka M et al (2009) Single-molecule observation of photocatalytic
reaction in TiO 2 nanotube: importance of molecular transport through porous structures. J Am
Chem Soc 131:934–936
16. Szczepankiewicz SH, Colussi AJ, Hoffmann MR et al (2000) Infrared spectra of photoinduced
species on hydroxylated titania surfaces. J Phys Chem B 104:9842–9850
17. Nakamura R, Imanishi A, Murakoshi K et al (2003) In situ FTIR studies of primary intermediates of photocatalytic reactions on nanocrystalline TiO 2 films in contact with aqueous
solutions. J Am Chem Soc 125:7443–7450
18. Sato S, Ueda K, Kawasaki Y et al (2002) In situ IR observation of surface species during the
photocatalytic decomposition of acetic acid over TiO 2 films. J Phys Chem B 106:9054–9058
19. Nakamura R, Nakato Y (2004) Primary intermediates of oxygen photoevolution reaction on
TiO 2 (rutile) particles, revealed by in situ FTIR absorption and photoluminescence measurements. J Am Chem Soc 126:1290–1298
20. Sivasankar N, Weare WW, Frei H (2011) Direct observation of a hydroperoxide surface
intermediate upon visible light-driven water oxidation at an Ir oxide nanocluster catalyst by
rapid-scan FT-IR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 133:12976–12979
21. Zhang M, Respinis MD, Frei H (2014) Time-resolved observations of water oxidation intermediates on a cobalt oxide nanoparticle catalyst. Nat Chem 6:362–367
22. Zandi O, Hamann TW (2016) Determination of photoelectrochemical water oxidation intermediates on haematite electrode surfaces using operando infrared spectroscopy. Nat Chem
8:778–783
23. Krishnan RS, Shankar RK (1981) Raman effect: history of the discovery. J Raman Spectrosc
10:1–8
24. McCreery RL (2000) Raman spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Wiley, New York
25. Nie SM, Emory SR (1997) Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surfaceenhanced Raman scattering. Science 275:1102–1106
26. Huang Y, Zhang M, Zhao L et al (2014) Activation of oxygen on gold and silver nanoparticles
assisted by surface plasmon resonances. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:2353–2357
27. Yan YF, Wang LZ, Tan XJ et al (2016) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy assisted by
radical capturer for tracking of plasmon-driven redox reaction. Sci Rep 6:30193
28. Wang J, Ando RA, Camargo PHC (2015) Controlling the selectivity of the surface plasmon
resonance mediated oxidation of p-aminothiophenol on Au nanoparticles by charge transfer
from UV-excited TiO 2 . Angew Chem Int Ed 54:6909–6912
29. Qi D, Yan X, Wang L et al (2015) Plasmon-free SERS self-monitoring of catalysis reaction on
Au nanoclusters/TiO 2 photonic microarray. Chem Commun 51:8813–8816
30. Tan X, Wang L, Cheng C et al (2016) Plasmonic MoO 3-x @MoO 3 nanosheets for highly
sensitive SERS detection through nanoshell-isolated electromagnetic enhancement. Chem
Commun 52:2893–2896
31. Alessandri I (2013) Enhancing Raman scattering without plasmons: unprecedented sensitivity
achieved by TiO 2 Shell-based resonators. J Am Chem Soc 135:5541–5544
32. Qi D, Lu L, Wang L et al (2014) Improved SERS sensitivity on plasmon-free TiO 2 photonic
microarray by enhancing light-matter coupling. J Am Chem Soc 136:9886–9889
33. Xing YL, Yan R, Lo S et al (2014) Alumina-coated Ag nanocrystal monolayers as surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy platforms for the direct spectroscopic detection of water splitting
reaction intermediates. Nano Res 7:132–143
34. Yan XF, Xu Y, Tian BZ et al (2017) Operando SERS self-monitoring photocatalytic oxidation
of aminophenol on TiO 2 semiconductor. Appl Catal B: Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apcatb.2017.10.009
44
2 In Situ Characterization of Photocatalytic Activity