26 CdSe–Pt–TiO
2
CdSe, Pt, Pd
CH
3 OH (90.22 ppm/g.
h); HCOOCH
3
(225.4 ppm/g.h)
Wet impregnation method for Pd or
Pt loading; adding commercial CdSe
QDs to TiO
2 then anneal in N
2
Stainless steel reaction chamber with
100–140 mg catalyst; CO
2 passes
through a water bubbler (25
C) and
then enters the reactor; 6 W UV-B
lamp with 2 mW/cm
2
was used as the
light source
[43]
27 Pt@CdS/inverse
opal TiO
2
Pt@CdS
CH
4 (36.8)
Gas bubbling-assisted membrane
reduction-precipitation (GBMR/P)
method
20 mg catalyst spin coating in 6.5 cm
diameter reactor, CO
2 and H
2 O,
300 W Xe lamp: 100 mW/cm
2
was
used as the light source
[44]
28 Au@CdS/inverse
opal TiO
2
Au@CdS
CH
4 (41.6)
Gas bubbling-assisted membrane
reduction-precipitation (GBMR/P)
method
20 mg catalyst spin coating in 6.5 cm
diameter reactor, CO
2 and H
2 O,
300 W Xe lamp: 100 mW/cm
2
was
used as the light source
[22]
29 Z-scheme
Ag
3 PO
4 /g-C
3 N
4
Ag, AgPO
4
CO (~45); CH
3 OH
(~10)
In situ deposition of Ag
+
using
Na
2 HPO
4 as precipitant
10 mg catalyst placed in a stainless
steel reactor (volume~132 mL), CO
2 ,
and 4 mL H
2 O; 500 W Xe lamp was
used as the light source
[25]
30 Z-scheme WO
3 /
Au/In
2 S
3
nanowire arrays
In
2 S
3 , Au
CH
4 (0.42)
Plasma sputtering method used for
loading Au to WO
3 and thermal
growth for In
2 S
3 to coat on Au
surface
10 cm
2
sample placed on the bottom
of a Pyrex glass reactor, ambient
pressure CO
2 , 0.4 mL H
2 O; 300 W
Xe lamp with a UV cutoff
filter
(λ > 420 nm) was used as the light
source
[45]
31 Cu-loaded
graphene oxide–
TiO
2 composite
Cu(I) species
C
2 H
5 OH (144.7 at
pH 11.0); CH
3 OH
(47.0 at pH 4.0)
Add the Cu species to the precursor
of graphene oxide-TiO
2 followed
with thermal treat
250 mg catalyst dispersed in 250 mL
solutions of different pH in a tube
photoreactor, UV–vis Heraeus TQ
150 medium-pressure mercury vapor
lamp, 27 cm
3
min
À1
he and 3 cm
3
min
À1
CO
2 , 25
C
[46]
(continued)
12.2 Basic Principles of CO 2 Photoreduction
281
2
CdSe, Pt, Pd
CH
3 OH (90.22 ppm/g.
h); HCOOCH
3
(225.4 ppm/g.h)
Wet impregnation method for Pd or
Pt loading; adding commercial CdSe
QDs to TiO
2 then anneal in N
2
Stainless steel reaction chamber with
100–140 mg catalyst; CO
2 passes
through a water bubbler (25
C) and
then enters the reactor; 6 W UV-B
lamp with 2 mW/cm
2
was used as the
light source
[43]
27 Pt@CdS/inverse
opal TiO
2
Pt@CdS
CH
4 (36.8)
Gas bubbling-assisted membrane
reduction-precipitation (GBMR/P)
method
20 mg catalyst spin coating in 6.5 cm
diameter reactor, CO
2 and H
2 O,
300 W Xe lamp: 100 mW/cm
2
was
used as the light source
[44]
28 Au@CdS/inverse
opal TiO
2
Au@CdS
CH
4 (41.6)
Gas bubbling-assisted membrane
reduction-precipitation (GBMR/P)
method
20 mg catalyst spin coating in 6.5 cm
diameter reactor, CO
2 and H
2 O,
300 W Xe lamp: 100 mW/cm
2
was
used as the light source
[22]
29 Z-scheme
Ag
3 PO
4 /g-C
3 N
4
Ag, AgPO
4
CO (~45); CH
3 OH
(~10)
In situ deposition of Ag
+
using
Na
2 HPO
4 as precipitant
10 mg catalyst placed in a stainless
steel reactor (volume~132 mL), CO
2 ,
and 4 mL H
2 O; 500 W Xe lamp was
used as the light source
[25]
30 Z-scheme WO
3 /
Au/In
2 S
3
nanowire arrays
In
2 S
3 , Au
CH
4 (0.42)
Plasma sputtering method used for
loading Au to WO
3 and thermal
growth for In
2 S
3 to coat on Au
surface
10 cm
2
sample placed on the bottom
of a Pyrex glass reactor, ambient
pressure CO
2 , 0.4 mL H
2 O; 300 W
Xe lamp with a UV cutoff
filter
(λ > 420 nm) was used as the light
source
[45]
31 Cu-loaded
graphene oxide–
TiO
2 composite
Cu(I) species
C
2 H
5 OH (144.7 at
pH 11.0); CH
3 OH
(47.0 at pH 4.0)
Add the Cu species to the precursor
of graphene oxide-TiO
2 followed
with thermal treat
250 mg catalyst dispersed in 250 mL
solutions of different pH in a tube
photoreactor, UV–vis Heraeus TQ
150 medium-pressure mercury vapor
lamp, 27 cm
3
min
À1
he and 3 cm
3
min
À1
CO
2 , 25
C
[46]
(continued)
12.2 Basic Principles of CO 2 Photoreduction
281