13 CuPt–TiO
2
Cu-Pt alloy
CH
4 (11.3)
Varied Pt and Cu precursor mixed
with TiO
2 then anneal at air and H
2 at
673 K
1 cm
2
0.4 mg catalyst
film placed
vertically in reaction chamber with
50uL H
2 O and 1.2 atm CO
2 , 150 W
Xe lamp was used as the light source
[32]
14 Au–Cu/TiO
2
(p25)
Au–Cu alloy
CH
4 (2200); H
2 (286)
Stepwise deposition–precipitation for
each metal and then reduced in H
2
flow
0.6 mg catalyst, 1.25 cm
2
film,
1.7 atm H
2 O saturated CO
2
[14]
15 Au–Cu@SrTiO
3 /
TiO
2
Au–Cu alloy
CH
4 (421.2); CO (3770) Microwave-assisted solvothermal
method
5 mg catalyst-2.5 cm
2
, CO
2 saturated
N
2 H
4 and CO
2 ; 300 W Xe lamp was
used as the light source
[33]
16 ZnO@Co
3 O
4
Co
3 O
4
CH
4 (0.99)
Synthesize ZIF-8@ZIF-67
first, then
followed by annealing treatment at
N
2 and air, respectively
0.1 g sample deposited in reaction
cell; 3 mL H
2 O and 80 kPa CO
2 were
introduced into the reactor; 300 W
Xe lamp was used as the light source
[34]
17 ZnO-CuO
nanowire
ZnO
CO (1.98 mmol/gÁh)
Atomic layer deposition(ALD) of
ZnO on CuO nanowire
Catalyst
film, CO
2 passed through a
water bubbler to generate CO
2 and
H
2 O mixture, 400 W Xe lamp:
300 mW/cm
2
was used as the light
source, continuous
flow reactor
[35]
18 g-C
3 N
4 /ZnO
ZnO
CH
3 OH (0.6)
Mixing urea and zinc nitrate hexahydrate
first then followed by one-step
facile calcination method
100 mg sample was deposited onto
the bottom of 200 mL reactor, 0.12 g
NaHCO
3 and 0.25 mL-4 M HCl was
introduced into the reactor as the CO
2
and H
2 O source, 300 W Xe lamp was
used as the light source
[36]
19 Hybrid CuO–
TiO
2
– x N
x hollow
nanocubes
Cu
2 O
C H
4 (41.3)
Calcination of TiO
2 @Cu
3 N
nanotubes as described in the paper
100 mg catalyst in a reaction chamber, CO
2 /H
2 O mixture, 300 W Xe
lamp: 100 mW/cm
2
was used as the
light source
[37]
(continued)
12.2 Basic Principles of CO 2 Photoreduction
279
2
Cu-Pt alloy
CH
4 (11.3)
Varied Pt and Cu precursor mixed
with TiO
2 then anneal at air and H
2 at
673 K
1 cm
2
0.4 mg catalyst
film placed
vertically in reaction chamber with
50uL H
2 O and 1.2 atm CO
2 , 150 W
Xe lamp was used as the light source
[32]
14 Au–Cu/TiO
2
(p25)
Au–Cu alloy
CH
4 (2200); H
2 (286)
Stepwise deposition–precipitation for
each metal and then reduced in H
2
flow
0.6 mg catalyst, 1.25 cm
2
film,
1.7 atm H
2 O saturated CO
2
[14]
15 Au–Cu@SrTiO
3 /
TiO
2
Au–Cu alloy
CH
4 (421.2); CO (3770) Microwave-assisted solvothermal
method
5 mg catalyst-2.5 cm
2
, CO
2 saturated
N
2 H
4 and CO
2 ; 300 W Xe lamp was
used as the light source
[33]
16 ZnO@Co
3 O
4
Co
3 O
4
CH
4 (0.99)
Synthesize ZIF-8@ZIF-67
first, then
followed by annealing treatment at
N
2 and air, respectively
0.1 g sample deposited in reaction
cell; 3 mL H
2 O and 80 kPa CO
2 were
introduced into the reactor; 300 W
Xe lamp was used as the light source
[34]
17 ZnO-CuO
nanowire
ZnO
CO (1.98 mmol/gÁh)
Atomic layer deposition(ALD) of
ZnO on CuO nanowire
Catalyst
film, CO
2 passed through a
water bubbler to generate CO
2 and
H
2 O mixture, 400 W Xe lamp:
300 mW/cm
2
was used as the light
source, continuous
flow reactor
[35]
18 g-C
3 N
4 /ZnO
ZnO
CH
3 OH (0.6)
Mixing urea and zinc nitrate hexahydrate
first then followed by one-step
facile calcination method
100 mg sample was deposited onto
the bottom of 200 mL reactor, 0.12 g
NaHCO
3 and 0.25 mL-4 M HCl was
introduced into the reactor as the CO
2
and H
2 O source, 300 W Xe lamp was
used as the light source
[36]
19 Hybrid CuO–
TiO
2
– x N
x hollow
nanocubes
Cu
2 O
C H
4 (41.3)
Calcination of TiO
2 @Cu
3 N
nanotubes as described in the paper
100 mg catalyst in a reaction chamber, CO
2 /H
2 O mixture, 300 W Xe
lamp: 100 mW/cm
2
was used as the
light source
[37]
(continued)
12.2 Basic Principles of CO 2 Photoreduction
279