50. Byrappa K, Subramani AK, Ananda S et al (2006) Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B
dye using hydrothermally synthesized ZnO. Bull Mater Sci 29(5):433–438
51. Qamar M, Saquib M, Muneer M (2005) Photocatalytic degradation of two selected dye
derivatives, chromotrope 2B and amido black 10B, in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide.
Dyes Pigments 65(1):1–9
52. Ahmed S (2011) Impact of operating conditions and recent developments in heterogeneous
photocatalytic water purification process. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 42(6):601–675
53. Chiou CH, Wu CY, Juang RS (2008) Photocatalytic degradation of phenol and m-nitrophenol
using irradiated TiO 2 in aqueous solutions. Sep Purif Technol 62(3):559–564
54. Qamar M, Saquib M, Muneer M (2005) Semiconductor-mediated photocatalytic degradation of
anazo dye, chrysoidine Y in aqueous suspensions. Desalination 171(2):185–193
55. Zhou Y, Lu SX, Xu WG (2009) Photocatalytic activity of Nd-doped ZnO for the degradation of
C.I. Reactive Blue 4 in aqueous suspension. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 28(2):226–233
56. Parida KM, Sahu N (2008) Visible light induced photocatalytic activity of rare earth titania
nanocomposites. J Mol Catal A Chem 287(1–2):151–158
57. Anandan S, Kumar PS, Pugazhenthiran N et al (2008) Effect of loaded silver nanoparticles on
TiO 2 for photocatalytic degradation of Acid Red 88. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 92(8):929–937
58. Huang M, Xu C, Wu Z et al (2008) Photocatalytic discolorization of methyl orange solution by
Pt modified TiO 2 loaded on natural zeolite. Dyes Pigments 77(2):327–334
59. Gupta AK, Pal A, Sahoo C (2006) Photocatalytic degradation of a mixture of Crystal Violet
(Basic Violet 3) and Methyl Red dye in aqueous suspensions using Ag
+ doped TiO 2 . Dyes
Pigments 69(3):224–232
60. Lin H, Li L, Zhao M (2012) Synthesis of high-quality brookite TiO 2 single-crystalline
nanosheets with specific facets exposed: tuning catalysts from inert to highly reactive. J Am
Chem Soc 134(20):8328–8331
61. Zuo F, Bozhilov K, Dillon RJ (2012) Active facets on titanium(III)-doped TiO 2 : an effective
strategy to improve the visible-light photocatalytic activity. Angew Chem 124(25):6327–6330
62. Li J, Xu J, Dai WL et al (2008) One-pot synthesis of twist-like helix tungsten-nitrogen-codoped
titania photocatalysts with highly improved visible light activity in the abatement of phenol.
Appl Catal B Environ 82(3):233–243
63. Boarini P, Carassiti V, Maldotti A et al (1998) Photocatalytic oxygenation of cyclohexane on
titanium dioxide suspensions: effect of the solvent and of oxygen. Langmuir 14(8):2080–2085
64. Daneshvar N, Rasoulifard MH, Khataee AR (2007) Removal of C.I. Acid Orange 7 from
aqueous solution by UV irradiation in the presence of ZnO nanopowder. J Hazard Mater 143
(1–2):95–101
65. Sobana N, Swaminathan M (2007) The effect of operational parameters on the photocatalytic
degradation of acid red 18 by ZnO. Sep Purif Technol 56(1):101–107
66. Chiou CH, Juang RS (2007) Photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous solutions by
Pr-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles. J Hazard Mater 149(1):1–7
67. An T, Liu J, Li G et al (2008) Structural and photocatalytic degradation characteristics of
hydrothermally treated mesoporous TiO 2 . Appl Catal A Gen 350(2):237–243
68. Ohtani B, Ogawa Y, Nishimoto SI (1997) Photocatalytic activity of amorphousÀanatase
mixture of titanium(IV) oxide particles suspended in aqueous solutions. J Phys Chem B 101
(19):3746–3752
69. Gupta S, Tripathi M (2011) A review of TiO 2 nanoparticles. Chin Sci Bull 56(16):1639–1657
70. Hua DS, Kunfeng Z, Daorong L et al (2009) Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic
activity of Co
2+ -doped titania. J Phys Conf Ser 188(1):012–018
71. Wang J, Zhao G, Zhang Z et al (2007) Investigation on degradation of azo fuchsine using visible
light in the presence of heat-treated anatase TiO 2 powder. Dyes Pigments 75(2):335–343
72. Du Y, Du M, Qiao Y et al (2007) Ce(IV) doped TiO 2 thin films: characterization and
photocatalysis. Colloid J 69(6):695–699
73. Chen Y, Zhang S, Yu Y et al (2008) Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of
N-doped TiO 2 nanotubes. J Dispers Sci Technol 29(2):245–249
14
1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis
dye using hydrothermally synthesized ZnO. Bull Mater Sci 29(5):433–438
51. Qamar M, Saquib M, Muneer M (2005) Photocatalytic degradation of two selected dye
derivatives, chromotrope 2B and amido black 10B, in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide.
Dyes Pigments 65(1):1–9
52. Ahmed S (2011) Impact of operating conditions and recent developments in heterogeneous
photocatalytic water purification process. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 42(6):601–675
53. Chiou CH, Wu CY, Juang RS (2008) Photocatalytic degradation of phenol and m-nitrophenol
using irradiated TiO 2 in aqueous solutions. Sep Purif Technol 62(3):559–564
54. Qamar M, Saquib M, Muneer M (2005) Semiconductor-mediated photocatalytic degradation of
anazo dye, chrysoidine Y in aqueous suspensions. Desalination 171(2):185–193
55. Zhou Y, Lu SX, Xu WG (2009) Photocatalytic activity of Nd-doped ZnO for the degradation of
C.I. Reactive Blue 4 in aqueous suspension. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 28(2):226–233
56. Parida KM, Sahu N (2008) Visible light induced photocatalytic activity of rare earth titania
nanocomposites. J Mol Catal A Chem 287(1–2):151–158
57. Anandan S, Kumar PS, Pugazhenthiran N et al (2008) Effect of loaded silver nanoparticles on
TiO 2 for photocatalytic degradation of Acid Red 88. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 92(8):929–937
58. Huang M, Xu C, Wu Z et al (2008) Photocatalytic discolorization of methyl orange solution by
Pt modified TiO 2 loaded on natural zeolite. Dyes Pigments 77(2):327–334
59. Gupta AK, Pal A, Sahoo C (2006) Photocatalytic degradation of a mixture of Crystal Violet
(Basic Violet 3) and Methyl Red dye in aqueous suspensions using Ag
+ doped TiO 2 . Dyes
Pigments 69(3):224–232
60. Lin H, Li L, Zhao M (2012) Synthesis of high-quality brookite TiO 2 single-crystalline
nanosheets with specific facets exposed: tuning catalysts from inert to highly reactive. J Am
Chem Soc 134(20):8328–8331
61. Zuo F, Bozhilov K, Dillon RJ (2012) Active facets on titanium(III)-doped TiO 2 : an effective
strategy to improve the visible-light photocatalytic activity. Angew Chem 124(25):6327–6330
62. Li J, Xu J, Dai WL et al (2008) One-pot synthesis of twist-like helix tungsten-nitrogen-codoped
titania photocatalysts with highly improved visible light activity in the abatement of phenol.
Appl Catal B Environ 82(3):233–243
63. Boarini P, Carassiti V, Maldotti A et al (1998) Photocatalytic oxygenation of cyclohexane on
titanium dioxide suspensions: effect of the solvent and of oxygen. Langmuir 14(8):2080–2085
64. Daneshvar N, Rasoulifard MH, Khataee AR (2007) Removal of C.I. Acid Orange 7 from
aqueous solution by UV irradiation in the presence of ZnO nanopowder. J Hazard Mater 143
(1–2):95–101
65. Sobana N, Swaminathan M (2007) The effect of operational parameters on the photocatalytic
degradation of acid red 18 by ZnO. Sep Purif Technol 56(1):101–107
66. Chiou CH, Juang RS (2007) Photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous solutions by
Pr-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles. J Hazard Mater 149(1):1–7
67. An T, Liu J, Li G et al (2008) Structural and photocatalytic degradation characteristics of
hydrothermally treated mesoporous TiO 2 . Appl Catal A Gen 350(2):237–243
68. Ohtani B, Ogawa Y, Nishimoto SI (1997) Photocatalytic activity of amorphousÀanatase
mixture of titanium(IV) oxide particles suspended in aqueous solutions. J Phys Chem B 101
(19):3746–3752
69. Gupta S, Tripathi M (2011) A review of TiO 2 nanoparticles. Chin Sci Bull 56(16):1639–1657
70. Hua DS, Kunfeng Z, Daorong L et al (2009) Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic
activity of Co
2+ -doped titania. J Phys Conf Ser 188(1):012–018
71. Wang J, Zhao G, Zhang Z et al (2007) Investigation on degradation of azo fuchsine using visible
light in the presence of heat-treated anatase TiO 2 powder. Dyes Pigments 75(2):335–343
72. Du Y, Du M, Qiao Y et al (2007) Ce(IV) doped TiO 2 thin films: characterization and
photocatalysis. Colloid J 69(6):695–699
73. Chen Y, Zhang S, Yu Y et al (2008) Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of
N-doped TiO 2 nanotubes. J Dispers Sci Technol 29(2):245–249
14
1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis