3. The dosage controllability of NEP is due to the electrophoresis
of biomolecules within the nanochannel under an electric field,
which is independent of the diffusion when the applied pulse
duration is within a small range [12].
4. The electrical action potential regulated by the ion channels
causes the cardiomyocyte cells to contract and relax
[14]. Therefore, cardiomyocytes are highly sensitive to electrical stimulation.
5. JC-1 is a membrane-permeable lipophilic dye that acts as
J-aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix (red fluorescence;
590 nm) and as monomers in the cytoplasm (green fluorescence, 529 nm). As mitochondrial depolarization happens, the
red J-aggregates change to green monomers due to the loss of
ΔΨ. Thus, mitochondrial ΔΨ can be measured as an index of
red (dimer)/green (monomer) fluorescence ratio.
6. The deletion of mitochondrial Mcl-1, a main target of miR-29
in cardiomyocyte, leads to heart disorganization, inflammation, and even lethal heart failure [14]. Therefore, preserving
Mcl-1 and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is essential
to the consideration of the miR-29 family in clinical
application [14].
7. The increasing of pulse from 0, 1, 5, to 10 significantly cause
the mitochondrial depolarization and decrease in the number
of high ΔΨ cells.
References
1. Agrahari V, Agrahari V, Mitra AK (2016)
Nanocarrier fabrication and macromolecule
drug delivery: challenges and opportunities.
Ther Deliv 7(4):257–278. https://doi.org/
10.4155/tde-2015-0012
2. Lee YJ, Erazo-Oliveras A, Pellois JP (2010)
Delivery of macromolecules into live cells by
simple co-incubation with a peptide. Chembiochem 11(3):325–330. https://doi.org/10.
1002/cbic.200900527
3. Qian L, Li D, Ma L, He T, Qi F, Shen J, Lu XA
(2016) The novel anti-CD19 chimeric antigen
receptors with humanized scFv (single-chain
variable fragment) trigger leukemia cell killing.
Cell Immunol 304-305:49–54. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.03.003
4. Chu J, Deng Y, Benson DM, He S, Hughes T,
Zhang J, Peng Y, Mao H, Yi L, Ghoshal K,
He X, Devine SM, Zhang X, Caligiuri MA,
Hofmeister CC, Yu J (2014) CS1-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered natural killer cells enhance in vitro and in vivo
antitumor activity against human multiple
myeloma. Leukemia 28(4):917–927. https://
doi.org/10.1038/leu.2013.279
5. Grupp SA, Kalos M, Barrett D, Aplenc R,
Porter DL, Rheingold SR, Teachey DT,
Chew A, Hauck B, Wright JF, Milone MC,
Levine BL, June CH (2013) Chimeric antigen
receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid
leukemia.
N
Engl
J
Med
368
(16):1509–1518. https://doi.org/10.1056/
NEJMoa1215134
6. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (2006) Induction of
pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic
and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.
Cell 126(4):663–676. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
7. Hanna JH, Saha K, Jaenisch R (2010) Pluripotency and cellular reprogramming: facts,
hypotheses, unresolved issues. Cell 143
(4):508–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.
2010.10.008
8. Kanherkar RR, Bhatia-Dey N, Makarev E,
Csoka AB (2014) Cellular reprogramming for
understanding and treating human disease.
76
Lingqian Chang et al.
of biomolecules within the nanochannel under an electric field,
which is independent of the diffusion when the applied pulse
duration is within a small range [12].
4. The electrical action potential regulated by the ion channels
causes the cardiomyocyte cells to contract and relax
[14]. Therefore, cardiomyocytes are highly sensitive to electrical stimulation.
5. JC-1 is a membrane-permeable lipophilic dye that acts as
J-aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix (red fluorescence;
590 nm) and as monomers in the cytoplasm (green fluorescence, 529 nm). As mitochondrial depolarization happens, the
red J-aggregates change to green monomers due to the loss of
ΔΨ. Thus, mitochondrial ΔΨ can be measured as an index of
red (dimer)/green (monomer) fluorescence ratio.
6. The deletion of mitochondrial Mcl-1, a main target of miR-29
in cardiomyocyte, leads to heart disorganization, inflammation, and even lethal heart failure [14]. Therefore, preserving
Mcl-1 and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is essential
to the consideration of the miR-29 family in clinical
application [14].
7. The increasing of pulse from 0, 1, 5, to 10 significantly cause
the mitochondrial depolarization and decrease in the number
of high ΔΨ cells.
References
1. Agrahari V, Agrahari V, Mitra AK (2016)
Nanocarrier fabrication and macromolecule
drug delivery: challenges and opportunities.
Ther Deliv 7(4):257–278. https://doi.org/
10.4155/tde-2015-0012
2. Lee YJ, Erazo-Oliveras A, Pellois JP (2010)
Delivery of macromolecules into live cells by
simple co-incubation with a peptide. Chembiochem 11(3):325–330. https://doi.org/10.
1002/cbic.200900527
3. Qian L, Li D, Ma L, He T, Qi F, Shen J, Lu XA
(2016) The novel anti-CD19 chimeric antigen
receptors with humanized scFv (single-chain
variable fragment) trigger leukemia cell killing.
Cell Immunol 304-305:49–54. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.03.003
4. Chu J, Deng Y, Benson DM, He S, Hughes T,
Zhang J, Peng Y, Mao H, Yi L, Ghoshal K,
He X, Devine SM, Zhang X, Caligiuri MA,
Hofmeister CC, Yu J (2014) CS1-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered natural killer cells enhance in vitro and in vivo
antitumor activity against human multiple
myeloma. Leukemia 28(4):917–927. https://
doi.org/10.1038/leu.2013.279
5. Grupp SA, Kalos M, Barrett D, Aplenc R,
Porter DL, Rheingold SR, Teachey DT,
Chew A, Hauck B, Wright JF, Milone MC,
Levine BL, June CH (2013) Chimeric antigen
receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid
leukemia.
N
Engl
J
Med
368
(16):1509–1518. https://doi.org/10.1056/
NEJMoa1215134
6. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (2006) Induction of
pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic
and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.
Cell 126(4):663–676. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
7. Hanna JH, Saha K, Jaenisch R (2010) Pluripotency and cellular reprogramming: facts,
hypotheses, unresolved issues. Cell 143
(4):508–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.
2010.10.008
8. Kanherkar RR, Bhatia-Dey N, Makarev E,
Csoka AB (2014) Cellular reprogramming for
understanding and treating human disease.
76
Lingqian Chang et al.