xx
List of Figures
Fig. 1.6
TEM images of Li 1.2 Co 0.4 Mn 0.4 O 2 showing the coexistence of
layered and monoclinic domains on the nano-scale. (Reprinted
from Ref. [22] with permission from Elsevier)......................
8
Fig. 1.7
A schematic of layered–layered phase separation with domains of
Li 2 MnO 3 and LiCoO 2 . Lithium atoms are yellow, while
manganese atoms are purple and cobalt atoms are blue.
(Reprinted from Ref. [23] with permission from the American
Chemical Society) ......................................................
9
Fig. 1.8
a The Li–Mn–Ni oxide pseudo-ternary system where the corners
refer to the metals used during sample preparation and oxygen
content varies throughout the triangle. The bold lines represent
lithium-containing single-phase regions. Spinel samples are
along line I: LiNi x Mn 2−x O 4 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5. Samples along
the line labeled I
are spinel at lower temperatures but phase
separate at the higher temperatures dealt with here. The other
lines are rocksalt structures. Line II is layered Li[
Li (1−2x)/3 N x Mn (2−x)/3 ]O 2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, III is Li[Ni 1−x Mn x ]O 2 ;
0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 and IV is Li x Ni 2−x O 2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. b The same
diagram with single-phase samples predicted by the public
materials database [29] in green dotted lines are tie-lines at the
edges of three-phase regions...........................................
10
Fig. 1.9
XRD patterns for samples along the composition line from
Li 2 MnO 3 (x = 0) and LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 4 (x = 0.5). Peaks are
indexed according to the R-3m space group for hexagonal
structures. (Reprinted from Ref. [45] with permission from the
American Chemical Society) ..........................................
12
Fig. 1.10 TEM images of Li 1.2 Ni 0.2 Mn 0.6 O 2 . (a Reprinted from Jarvis et
al., Ref. [46], with permission from the American Chemical
Society. b Reprinted from Lei et al., Ref. [44], with permission
from Elsevier) ...........................................................
13
Fig. 1.11 TEM images of single-phase Li 2 MnO 3 showing ordered domains
with stacking faults, one of which is indicated by the white
arrow. (Reprinted from Ref. [47] with permission from Springer)
13
Fig. 1.12 XRD patterns. Samples of LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 were quenched from
high temperature before being annealed at the temperatures
indicated. (Reprinted from Ref. [55] with permission from the
American Chemical Society) ..........................................
15
Fig. 1.13 XRD patterns obtained at a synchrotron. Samples lie along the
composition line from Li 1.2 Ni 0.2 Mn 0.6 O 2 (x = 0) to
LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 (x = 1). The triangles indicate peaks that index
to a layered material, while the circles represent peaks from a
spinel material and the arrows indicate a rocksalt contaminant.
(Reprinted from Ref. [13] with permission from the
Electrochemical Society)...............................................
15
List of Figures
Fig. 1.6
TEM images of Li 1.2 Co 0.4 Mn 0.4 O 2 showing the coexistence of
layered and monoclinic domains on the nano-scale. (Reprinted
from Ref. [22] with permission from Elsevier)......................
8
Fig. 1.7
A schematic of layered–layered phase separation with domains of
Li 2 MnO 3 and LiCoO 2 . Lithium atoms are yellow, while
manganese atoms are purple and cobalt atoms are blue.
(Reprinted from Ref. [23] with permission from the American
Chemical Society) ......................................................
9
Fig. 1.8
a The Li–Mn–Ni oxide pseudo-ternary system where the corners
refer to the metals used during sample preparation and oxygen
content varies throughout the triangle. The bold lines represent
lithium-containing single-phase regions. Spinel samples are
along line I: LiNi x Mn 2−x O 4 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5. Samples along
the line labeled I
are spinel at lower temperatures but phase
separate at the higher temperatures dealt with here. The other
lines are rocksalt structures. Line II is layered Li[
Li (1−2x)/3 N x Mn (2−x)/3 ]O 2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, III is Li[Ni 1−x Mn x ]O 2 ;
0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 and IV is Li x Ni 2−x O 2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. b The same
diagram with single-phase samples predicted by the public
materials database [29] in green dotted lines are tie-lines at the
edges of three-phase regions...........................................
10
Fig. 1.9
XRD patterns for samples along the composition line from
Li 2 MnO 3 (x = 0) and LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 4 (x = 0.5). Peaks are
indexed according to the R-3m space group for hexagonal
structures. (Reprinted from Ref. [45] with permission from the
American Chemical Society) ..........................................
12
Fig. 1.10 TEM images of Li 1.2 Ni 0.2 Mn 0.6 O 2 . (a Reprinted from Jarvis et
al., Ref. [46], with permission from the American Chemical
Society. b Reprinted from Lei et al., Ref. [44], with permission
from Elsevier) ...........................................................
13
Fig. 1.11 TEM images of single-phase Li 2 MnO 3 showing ordered domains
with stacking faults, one of which is indicated by the white
arrow. (Reprinted from Ref. [47] with permission from Springer)
13
Fig. 1.12 XRD patterns. Samples of LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 were quenched from
high temperature before being annealed at the temperatures
indicated. (Reprinted from Ref. [55] with permission from the
American Chemical Society) ..........................................
15
Fig. 1.13 XRD patterns obtained at a synchrotron. Samples lie along the
composition line from Li 1.2 Ni 0.2 Mn 0.6 O 2 (x = 0) to
LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 (x = 1). The triangles indicate peaks that index
to a layered material, while the circles represent peaks from a
spinel material and the arrows indicate a rocksalt contaminant.
(Reprinted from Ref. [13] with permission from the
Electrochemical Society)...............................................
15