Thermal gradient interaction chromatography (TGIC), with same type of columns
as with SGIC, has been shown to be a very attractive variation because of easier
detection by IR and the possible use of integrated in-line molar mass detectors.
Cross-fractionation chromatography, separating in a first step by composition
followed by molar mass, is a very powerful approach to obtaining the full bivariate
distribution of classical polyolefins and the most complete characterization of
complex resins. TREF-GPC, TGIC-GPC, and SGIC2D are the various modes that
can be used to obtain the three-dimensional analyses. Although not covered in
this review, one should not forget the value of preparative fractionation combined
with other separation techniques to obtain the three-dimensional plots as well as
intramolecular characterization by spectroscopic techniques.
References
1. Staudinger H, Heuer W (1930) Highly polymerized compounds XXXIII. A relation between
the viscosity and the molecular weight of polystyrenes. Ber dtsch Chem Ges B 63:222–234
2. Ziegler K, Holzkamp E, Breil H, Martin H (1955) Angew Chem 67:426–541
3. Haenel M (2008) Historical sites of chemistry. Karl Ziegler. Max Planck Institute for Coal
Research, Mu ¨lheim an der Ruhr
4. Hogan JP, Banks RL (1958) US patent 2,825,721
5. Hogan JP, Banks RL (1986) History of crystalline polypropylene. In: Seymour RB, Cheng T
(eds) History of polyolefins. D Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 103–115
6. Sinn H, Kaminsky W (1980) Adv Organomet Chem 18:99
7. Kaminski W (2004) J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 42:3911–3921
8. Natta G (1955) Makromol Chem 16:213
9. Natta G, Danusso F (eds) (1967) Stereoregular polymers and stereospecific polymerizations.
Pergamon, Oxford
10. Moore JC (1964) J Polym Sci A2:835–843
11. Giddings JC (1966) Sep Sci 1:123–125
12. Yau WW, Kirkland JJ, Bly DD (1979) Modern size exclusion liquid chromatography.
Wiley, New York (2nd edn. with Striegel AM in 2009)
13. Provder T (ed) (1999) Chromatography of polymers. ACS symposium series, vol 731.
ACS, Washington
14. Grubistic Z, Rempp R, Benoit H (1967) J Polym Sci B 5:753
15. Cheung P, Lew R, Balke S, Mourey T (1993) J Appl Polym Sci 47:1701–1706
16. Scholte T, Meijerink N, Schoffeleers H, Brands A (1984) J Appl Polym Sci 29:3763–3782
17. Drott EE, Mendelson RA (1970) J Polym Sci A 2(8):1361–1371
18. Cote JA, Shida M (1971) J Polym Sci A 2(9):421–430
19. Servotte A, De Bruille R (1975) Die Makromolekulare Chemie 116:203–212
20. Usami T, Gotoh Y, Takayama S (1991) J Appl Polym Sci 43:1859–1863
21. De Groot W, Wayne J, Hamre J (1993) Chromatography 648:33–39
22. Wang W, Kharchenko S, Migler K, Zhu S (2004) Triple-detector GPC characterization and
processing behavior of long-chain-branched polyethylene prepared by solution po-lymerization
with constrained geometry catalyst. Polymer 45:6495–6505
23. Yu Y, DesLauriers P, Rohlfing DC (2005) Polymer 46:5165–5182
24. Monrabal B, Yau W (2011) Engineering advances in high temperature GPC instrumentation.
The Column 7(7):8–15
Polyolefin Characterization: Recent Advances in Separation Techniques
247
as with SGIC, has been shown to be a very attractive variation because of easier
detection by IR and the possible use of integrated in-line molar mass detectors.
Cross-fractionation chromatography, separating in a first step by composition
followed by molar mass, is a very powerful approach to obtaining the full bivariate
distribution of classical polyolefins and the most complete characterization of
complex resins. TREF-GPC, TGIC-GPC, and SGIC2D are the various modes that
can be used to obtain the three-dimensional analyses. Although not covered in
this review, one should not forget the value of preparative fractionation combined
with other separation techniques to obtain the three-dimensional plots as well as
intramolecular characterization by spectroscopic techniques.
References
1. Staudinger H, Heuer W (1930) Highly polymerized compounds XXXIII. A relation between
the viscosity and the molecular weight of polystyrenes. Ber dtsch Chem Ges B 63:222–234
2. Ziegler K, Holzkamp E, Breil H, Martin H (1955) Angew Chem 67:426–541
3. Haenel M (2008) Historical sites of chemistry. Karl Ziegler. Max Planck Institute for Coal
Research, Mu ¨lheim an der Ruhr
4. Hogan JP, Banks RL (1958) US patent 2,825,721
5. Hogan JP, Banks RL (1986) History of crystalline polypropylene. In: Seymour RB, Cheng T
(eds) History of polyolefins. D Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 103–115
6. Sinn H, Kaminsky W (1980) Adv Organomet Chem 18:99
7. Kaminski W (2004) J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 42:3911–3921
8. Natta G (1955) Makromol Chem 16:213
9. Natta G, Danusso F (eds) (1967) Stereoregular polymers and stereospecific polymerizations.
Pergamon, Oxford
10. Moore JC (1964) J Polym Sci A2:835–843
11. Giddings JC (1966) Sep Sci 1:123–125
12. Yau WW, Kirkland JJ, Bly DD (1979) Modern size exclusion liquid chromatography.
Wiley, New York (2nd edn. with Striegel AM in 2009)
13. Provder T (ed) (1999) Chromatography of polymers. ACS symposium series, vol 731.
ACS, Washington
14. Grubistic Z, Rempp R, Benoit H (1967) J Polym Sci B 5:753
15. Cheung P, Lew R, Balke S, Mourey T (1993) J Appl Polym Sci 47:1701–1706
16. Scholte T, Meijerink N, Schoffeleers H, Brands A (1984) J Appl Polym Sci 29:3763–3782
17. Drott EE, Mendelson RA (1970) J Polym Sci A 2(8):1361–1371
18. Cote JA, Shida M (1971) J Polym Sci A 2(9):421–430
19. Servotte A, De Bruille R (1975) Die Makromolekulare Chemie 116:203–212
20. Usami T, Gotoh Y, Takayama S (1991) J Appl Polym Sci 43:1859–1863
21. De Groot W, Wayne J, Hamre J (1993) Chromatography 648:33–39
22. Wang W, Kharchenko S, Migler K, Zhu S (2004) Triple-detector GPC characterization and
processing behavior of long-chain-branched polyethylene prepared by solution po-lymerization
with constrained geometry catalyst. Polymer 45:6495–6505
23. Yu Y, DesLauriers P, Rohlfing DC (2005) Polymer 46:5165–5182
24. Monrabal B, Yau W (2011) Engineering advances in high temperature GPC instrumentation.
The Column 7(7):8–15
Polyolefin Characterization: Recent Advances in Separation Techniques
247