3 Molar Mass Distribution Characterization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
3.1 GPC/SEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
3.2 Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4 Chemical Composition Distribution: Characterization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
4.1 Crystallization-Based Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.2 Chromatography-Based Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
5 Bivariate Distribution: Characterization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
6 Summary, Conclusions, and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Abbreviations
AF4
Asymmetric flow field flow fractionation
aPP
Atactic polypropylene
CCD
Chemical composition distribution
CEF
Crystallization elution fractionation
CR
Crystallization rate
CRYSTAF Crystallization analysis fractionation
DC
Dynamic crystallization
DSC
Differential scanning calorimetry
EGMBE
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
ELSD
Evaporative light scattering detector
EMA
Ethylene-methyl acrylate
EP
Ethylene propylene copolymer
EPDM
Ethylene-propylene diene
ESL
Ethylene sequence length
EVA
Ethylene-vinyl acetate
FC
Crystallization flow
FDSC
Fractional DSC
FE
Elution flow
FFF
Field flow fractionation
FTIR
Fourier transform infrared
HDPE
High-density polyethylene
HPLC
High-performance liquid chromatography
HR
Heating rate
HT
High temperature
IC
Interaction chromatography
ICPC
International Conference on Polyolefin Characterization
iPP
Isotactic polypropylene
IR
Infrared
LCB
Long chain branching
LDPE
Low-density polyethylene
LLDPE
Linear low-density polyethylene
LS
Light scattering
M
Molar mass
204
B. Monrabal