24
H. Chen et al.
or sub-RPE hemorrhage or fluid. In the late stage, choroidal neovascularization may
progress to fibrosis and appear as hyperreflective lesion. The leaky neovascularization
can cause intraretinal cysts which appear as non-reflective cysts in retina (Figs. 1.23
and 1.24). The thickness of macula can also be measured at the 9 ETDRS regions
which are important parameters to monitor the prognosis of disease or response to
therapy [18].
Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is characterized by a branching vascular
network from choroidal vasculature with polypoidal lesions under RPE. It is still
controversial whether PCV is a subtype of AMD or a distinct disease. On OCT,
pigment epithelium detachment, double-layer sign, and thumb-like polyps are more
common in PCV eyes than in AMD eyes [19] (Figs. 1.25, 1.26 and 1.27).
References
1. G. Staurenghi, S. Sadda, U. Chakravarthy et al., Proposed lexicon for anatomic landmarks in
normal posterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: the IN*OCT consensus. Ophthalmology 121(8), 1572–1578 (2014)
2. J.S. Duker, P.K. Kaiser, S. Binder et al., The international vitreomacular traction study group
classification of vitreomacular adhesion, traction, and macular hole. Ophthalmology 120(12),
2611–2619 (2013)
3. J.D. Gass, Reappraisal of biomicroscopic classification of stages of development of a macular
hole. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 119(6), 752–759 (1995)
4. M. Imai, H. Iijima, T. Gotoh et al., Optical coherence tomography of successfully repaired
idiopathic macular holes. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 128(5), 621–627 (1999)
5. M. Pavlidis, L. Georgalas, N. Körber, Determination of a new parameter, elevated epiretinal
membrane, by en face OCT as a prognostic factor for pars plana vitrectomy and safer epiretinal
membrane peeling. J Ophthalmol. 2015, 838646 (2015)
6. D.S.C. Ng, C.Y.L. Cheung, F.O. Luk, S. Mohamed, M.E. Brelen, J.C.S. Yam, C.W. Tsang,
T.Y.Y. Lai, Advances of optical coherence tomography in myopia and pathologic myopia. Eye
(Lond) 30(7), 901–916 (2016)
7. C.K. Leung, Diagnosing glaucoma progression with optical coherence tomography. Curr. Opin.
Ophthalmol. 25(2), 104–111 (2014)
8. M.T. Leite, H.L. Rao, R.N. Weinreb, L.M. Zangwilla, C. Bowd, P.A. Sample, A. Tafreshi, F.A.
Medeiros, Agreement among spectral-domain optical coherence tomography instruments for
assessing retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 151(1), 85–92 e1 (2011)
9. S.I. Balendra, E.M. Normando, P.A. Bloom, M.F. Cordeiro, Advances in retinal ganglion cell
imaging. Eye (Lond) 29(10), 1260–1269 (2015)
10. M. Michelessi, E. Lucenteforte, F. Oddone, M. Brazzelli, M. Parravano, S. Franchi, S.M. Ng, G.
Virgili, Optic nerve head and fibre layer imaging for diagnosing glaucoma. Cochrane Database
Syst. Rev. (11), CD008803 (2015)
11. M. Ritter, S. Sacu, G.G. Deák, K. Kircher, R.G. Sayegh, C. Pruente, U.M. Schmidt-Erfurth, In
vivo identification of alteration of inner neurosensory layers in branch retinal artery occlusion.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 96(2), 201–207 (2012)
12. H. Chen, X. Chen, Z. Qiu, D. Xiang, W. Chen, F. Shi, J. Zheng, W. Zhu, M. Sonka, Quantitative
analysis of retinal layers’ optical intensities on 3D optical coherence tomography for central
retinal artery occlusion. Sci. Rep. 5, 9269 (2015)
13. H. Chen, H. Xia, Z. Qiu, W. Chen, X. Chen, Correlation of optical intensity on optical coherence
tomography and visual outcome in central retinal artery occlusion. Retina 36(10), 1964–1970
(2016)
H. Chen et al.
or sub-RPE hemorrhage or fluid. In the late stage, choroidal neovascularization may
progress to fibrosis and appear as hyperreflective lesion. The leaky neovascularization
can cause intraretinal cysts which appear as non-reflective cysts in retina (Figs. 1.23
and 1.24). The thickness of macula can also be measured at the 9 ETDRS regions
which are important parameters to monitor the prognosis of disease or response to
therapy [18].
Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is characterized by a branching vascular
network from choroidal vasculature with polypoidal lesions under RPE. It is still
controversial whether PCV is a subtype of AMD or a distinct disease. On OCT,
pigment epithelium detachment, double-layer sign, and thumb-like polyps are more
common in PCV eyes than in AMD eyes [19] (Figs. 1.25, 1.26 and 1.27).
References
1. G. Staurenghi, S. Sadda, U. Chakravarthy et al., Proposed lexicon for anatomic landmarks in
normal posterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: the IN*OCT consensus. Ophthalmology 121(8), 1572–1578 (2014)
2. J.S. Duker, P.K. Kaiser, S. Binder et al., The international vitreomacular traction study group
classification of vitreomacular adhesion, traction, and macular hole. Ophthalmology 120(12),
2611–2619 (2013)
3. J.D. Gass, Reappraisal of biomicroscopic classification of stages of development of a macular
hole. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 119(6), 752–759 (1995)
4. M. Imai, H. Iijima, T. Gotoh et al., Optical coherence tomography of successfully repaired
idiopathic macular holes. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 128(5), 621–627 (1999)
5. M. Pavlidis, L. Georgalas, N. Körber, Determination of a new parameter, elevated epiretinal
membrane, by en face OCT as a prognostic factor for pars plana vitrectomy and safer epiretinal
membrane peeling. J Ophthalmol. 2015, 838646 (2015)
6. D.S.C. Ng, C.Y.L. Cheung, F.O. Luk, S. Mohamed, M.E. Brelen, J.C.S. Yam, C.W. Tsang,
T.Y.Y. Lai, Advances of optical coherence tomography in myopia and pathologic myopia. Eye
(Lond) 30(7), 901–916 (2016)
7. C.K. Leung, Diagnosing glaucoma progression with optical coherence tomography. Curr. Opin.
Ophthalmol. 25(2), 104–111 (2014)
8. M.T. Leite, H.L. Rao, R.N. Weinreb, L.M. Zangwilla, C. Bowd, P.A. Sample, A. Tafreshi, F.A.
Medeiros, Agreement among spectral-domain optical coherence tomography instruments for
assessing retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 151(1), 85–92 e1 (2011)
9. S.I. Balendra, E.M. Normando, P.A. Bloom, M.F. Cordeiro, Advances in retinal ganglion cell
imaging. Eye (Lond) 29(10), 1260–1269 (2015)
10. M. Michelessi, E. Lucenteforte, F. Oddone, M. Brazzelli, M. Parravano, S. Franchi, S.M. Ng, G.
Virgili, Optic nerve head and fibre layer imaging for diagnosing glaucoma. Cochrane Database
Syst. Rev. (11), CD008803 (2015)
11. M. Ritter, S. Sacu, G.G. Deák, K. Kircher, R.G. Sayegh, C. Pruente, U.M. Schmidt-Erfurth, In
vivo identification of alteration of inner neurosensory layers in branch retinal artery occlusion.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 96(2), 201–207 (2012)
12. H. Chen, X. Chen, Z. Qiu, D. Xiang, W. Chen, F. Shi, J. Zheng, W. Zhu, M. Sonka, Quantitative
analysis of retinal layers’ optical intensities on 3D optical coherence tomography for central
retinal artery occlusion. Sci. Rep. 5, 9269 (2015)
13. H. Chen, H. Xia, Z. Qiu, W. Chen, X. Chen, Correlation of optical intensity on optical coherence
tomography and visual outcome in central retinal artery occlusion. Retina 36(10), 1964–1970
(2016)